The effect of deficit-irrigation in reproductive stage on grain yield, yield components and oil percentage in safflower cultivars (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran

Abstract

Introduction Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is one of the drought-resistant oilseed plants. Due to its specific morphological characteristics, it has the ability to produce proper oil in Iran's climate, and some of its varieties have up to 45% oil content (Moradi et al, 2017). One of the most important restrictions on production of crops in most parts of Iran is lack of water. In these areas, due to rainfall fluctuations, some of the important stages of plant growth has been affected by potential degradation of soil (Omidi et al, 2012). Production of crops in arid and semi-arid areas requires the use of drought-resistant plants to have acceptable yields with minimal moisture content (Khalili et al., 2014).
Materials and Methods In order to investigate the effect of deficit- irrigation in reproductive stage on grain yield, yield components, and oil percentage of safflower cultivars, an experiment was conducted at Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Birjand Branch, in 2015-2016. The study was conducted in split plots in a completely randomized block design with three replications. The main factor included three levels of irrigation at the reproductive stage (7, 14 and 21 days) and the sub-factor included three varieties (Padideh, Goldasht and KWS). Each sub plot consisted of 6 planting lines with a length of 6 meters and a row spacing of 0.5 meters, with two lateral rows on each side of each plot as margin. The distance between sub plots was 0.5 m, between two main plots were 1 m and between two repetitions were 3 m. The land preparation operations began in early fall. Based on soil test results, 150 kg ha-1 urea (one third before planting, one third in stem elongation, and one third in pre-flowering stage), 120 kg ha-1 triple superphosphate and 100 kg ha-1 potassium sulfate before planting was spread in the ground and mixed with soil. Seeds were planted by hand in November. The evaluated traits in this study included plant height, number of branches, number of capitulum per plant, number of seeds per capitulum, kernels 1000 weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, oil percentage and oil yield. After data collection, statistical analysis was performed using MSTATC software. To compare the means, Duncan's multiple range test was used at a 5% probability level.
Results and Discussion The results showed that increasing the irrigation interval from 7 to 14 days had no significant impact on the studied traits, but increasing the irrigation interval from 7 to 21 days reduced the number of seeds per head (22.5%), kernels 1000 weight (12.41%), grain yield (7.78%), biological yield (11.41%) and oil yield (19.25%). Going from the vegetative stage to reproduction stage, water restriction reduced the the durability of the leaf area index. It leads to a further reduction in photosynthesis, and due to the fact that at that time grains are increasing in number and weight, the filling period of seeds and grain weight decreases. Ultimately, this leads to a decrease in grain yield. All studied traits (except number of seeds per capitulum) were affected by cultivars. The highest oil content was obtained by both KWS cultivars (33%) and Padideh (30.7%). Goldasht and KWS cultivars had the highest grain yield (1868 and 1768 kg ha-1, respectively) and oil yield (521.2 and 58.43 kg ha-1, respectively). Also, among the grain yield components, the weight of one thousand grains had a positive and significant correlation with grain yield.
Conclusions The results show that in order to save water, 14 days irrigation stages and Goldasht and KWS cultivars are suitable in the breeding stage of safflower in Birjand region.

Keywords

References

Abel, G. 1976. Effect of irrigation regimes, planting date, nitrogen levels and row spacing on safflower cultivars. Agronomy Journal, 68: 448-451.
Aminian, R., Pak Nejad, M., and Hosseini, M. 2017. Effect of titanium dioxide on yield and yield components of safflower under normal irrigation and dehydration. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences, 10(3): 377- 390. (In Persian with English Summary).
Amiri, A., Esmaeilzadeh Bahabadi, S., Yadollahi Dehcheshmeh, P., and Sirousmehr, A. 2017. The role of salicylic acid and chitosan foliar applications under drought stress condition on some physiological traits and oil yield of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 11(1): 69-84. (In Persian with English Summary).
Amiri, A., Sirousmehr, A., and Esmaeilzaheh Bahabadi, S. 2015. Effect of foliar application of salicylic acid and chitosan on yield of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Journal of Plant Researches, 28(4): 712-725. (In Persian with English Summary).
Asghari, B., and Gharibi Asl, S. 2016. The oil and protein content of Isfahan’s safflower in different periods of irrigation, levels of humic acid and superabsorbent. International Journal of Life Science and Pharma Research, 1: 56-63.
Baljani, R., and Shekari, F. 2014. Effects of priming by salicylic acid on yield and growth indices of safflower (Carthamus tinctorus L.) plants under end season drought stress. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 22(1): 87-103. (In Persian with English Summary).
Behdani, M. A., and Jami Alahmadi, M. 2010. Response of spring safflower cultivars to different irrigation intervals in Birjand. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 8(2): 315- 323.
Ebrahimi, F., Majidi M. M., Arzani, A., and Mohammadi-Nejad, G. 2016. Oil and seed yield stability in a worldwide collection of safflower under arid environments of Iran. Euphytica, 212: 131-144.
Emongor, V. 2010. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) the underutilized and neglected crop: A review. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 9: 299-306
Engel, R. and Bergman, J. 1997. Safflower seed yield and oil content as affected by water and N. Fertilizer Facts, 14, 14-25.
Fanaei, H. R., and Narouirad, M. R. 2014. Study of yield, yield components and tolerance to drought stress in safflower genotypes. Journal of Crop Production, 7(3): 33-51. (In Persian with English Summary).
Farjam, S., Rokhzadi, A., Mohammadi, H., and Ghaleshakhati, S. 2014. Effect of cut irrigation tension and foliar application of salicylic acid on growth, yield and yield components of three safflower cultivars. Crop Physiology Journal, 6(23): 99- 112. (In Persian with English Summary).
Fischer, R., and Maurer, R. 1978. Drought resistance in spring wheat cultivars. I. Grain yield responses. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research., 29: 897- 912.
Golparvar, A., and Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A. 2012. Evaluation of correlation and path analysis of seed and oil yield in spring safflower cultivars under normal irrigation and drought stress conditions. New Finding in Agriculture, 6 (3): 255-267. (In Persian with English Summary).
Hernandez-Ochoa, I., Santos, B. M., Stansly, C. D., Huang, P. W. and Stanley, C. D. 2014. Using low-volume irrigation programs and crop protectants to establish strawberry transplants. In Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society, 125: 150-152.
Heshmati, S., Amini dehaghi, M., and Fathi Amirkhiz, K. 2017. Effects of biological and chemical phosphorous fertilizer on grain yield, oil seed and fatty acids of spring safflower in water deficit conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 48(1): 159-169.
Iftikhar Hussain, M., Lyra, D., Farooq, M., Nikoloudakis, N., and Khalid, N. 2016. Salt and drought stresses in safflower: a review. Agronomy for sustainable development, 36(4): 1-31.
Jensen, C. R., Morgensen, V.O., Mortensen, G. and Fieldsend, J. K. 1996. Glucosinolate, oil and protein of field grown rape affected by soil drying and evaporative demands. Field Crop Research, 47: 693- 705.
Kafi, M., and Rostami, M. 2007. Yield characteristics and oil content of three safflowers (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars under drought in reproductive stage and irrigation with saline water. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 5(1): 121-131. (In Persian with English Summary).
Kafi, M., Borzoie, A., Salehi, M., Kamandi, A., and Nabati, J. 2008. Physiology of environmental stresses in plants. Mashhad Jahad- edaneshgagi press. (In Farsi).
Khalili, M., Pour-Aboughadareh, A., Naghavi, M. R., and Mohamad- Amini, E. 2014. Evaluation of drought tolerance in safflower genotypes based on drought tolerance indices. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj- Napoca, 42(1): 214- 218.
Lotfi, P., Mohammadi- Nejad, Gh., and Golkar, P. 2012. Evaluation of drought tolerance in different genotypes of the Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Journal of Crop Science, 5(7): 1-14. (In Persian with English Summary).
Mirshekari, M., Majnounhosseini, N., Amiri, R., Moslehi, A., and Zandvakili, O. R. 2013. Effects of sowing date and irrigation treatment on safflower seed quality. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 15: 505- 515.
Mohammadi, M., Ghassemi- Golezani, K., Chaichi, M. R., and Safikhani, S. 2018. Seed oil accumulation and yield of safflower affected by water supply and harvest time. Crop Ecology and Physiology, 110(2): 1-8.
Mohsen Nia, O., and Jalilian, J. 2012. Effects of drought stress and fertilizer sources on yield and yield components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Agroecology, 4(3): 235- 245. (In Persian with English Summary).
Moosavifar, B. E., Behdani, M. A., Jami Alahmadi, M., and Hosaini Bojd, M. S. 2009. The effect of irrigation disruption in different reproductive growth stages on yield, yield components and oil content in three spring safflower cultivars. Journal of Agroecology., 1(1): 41-51. (In Persian with English Summary).
Moradi, P., Pasari, B., and Fayyaz, F. 2017. The effects of fulvic acid application on seed and oil yield of safflower cultivars. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 18(3): 584- 597.
Omidi, A. H. 2011. Effect of irrigation withhold at different growth stages on grain yield and stress tolerance indices in three safflower cultivars. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 13(1): 116-130. (In Persian with English Summary).
Omidi, A. H., Khazaei, H., Monneveux, P., and Stoddard, F. 2012. Effect of cultivar and water regime on yield and yield components in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 17(1): 10-15.
Prasad, P. V. V., Staggenborg S. A., Ristic, Z. 2008. Impacts of drought and/or heat stress on physiological, developmental, growth, and yield processes of crop plants, in response of crops to limited water: Understanding and Modeling Water Stress Effects on Plant Growth Processes, Advances in Agricultural Systems Modeling 1 eds Ahuja L. R., Reddy V. R., Saseendran S. A., Qiang Y. U., editors. (Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy) 301–355.
Salamati, M.S. 2012. Path analysis on seed yield components on Iranian Carthamus tinctorius L. genotypes. Agronomy Journal (Pajouhesh and Sazandegi), 97: 105-111. (In Persian with English Summary).
Sampaio, M. C., Santos, R. F., Bassegio, D., De vasconcelos, E. S., Silva, M. De, A., Secco, D., and Silva, T. R. B. 2016. Fertilizer improves seed and oil yield of safflower under tropical conditions. Industrial Crops and Products, 94, 589-595.
Shiresmaeili, G.H.H., Maghsoudi Mood, A.A., Khajouei Nezhad, G.H., and Abdolshahi, R. 2017. Effect of irrigation cut treatment on yield and yield components of ten safflower cultivars in spring and summer crops. Applied Research in Field Crops, 30(3): 1-12. (In Persian with English Summary). 
Singh, V.D., Shamrma, S. K., and Verma, B. L. 1995. Response of safflower to irrigation and phosphorus. India Journal of Agronomy, 40: 459-464.
Soltani Howyzeh, M., Sadat Noori, S.A., Shariati J, V., and Niazian, M. 2018. Essential oil chemotype of Iranian ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.). Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 21: 273-276.
Tahmasbpour, B., Younessi- Hamzekhanlu, M., Mahdavisafa, D., and Sabzi Nojadeh, M. 2017. Grain yield performance of Carthamus tinctorius L. cultivars under water deficient condition. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 11(6): 235- 243.
Tahmasebpour, B., Aharizad, S., Shakiba, M., and Babazade Bedostani, A. 2011. Safflower genotypes’ responses to water deficit. International Journal of Agricultural Science, 1:97-106. (In Persian with English Summary).
Tavakoli, E. 2002. Evaluation of irrigation in different stages of growth on yield, yield components and yield of safflower oil. Ms.C. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture Tehran University, Iran. (In Farsi).
Touryoryan, S.H., Pasari, B., and Mohammadi, K.H. 2018. The effect of foliar application of kaolin clay and irrigation cut on the quantitative characteristics of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Crop Physiology Journal, 10(37): 49-63. (In Persian with English Summary).
Applied Field Crops Research
Volume 33, Issue 4 - Serial Number 129
papers
March 2021
Pages 1-18

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics