Evaluation of biological fertilizers on the key traits related with the growth of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Department of Agronomy, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran.

Abstract

Introduction: Increasing crop production to meet the food needs of a growing population of the world has needed for many (Barea, 2015). Intensive agriculture is a farming system characterized by a large use of inputs (chemical fertilizers and pesticides), causing a large pressure on the environment. Today, the current agricultural ecosystems due to the limited arable land and the need for products produced in most communities increase agricultural systems leading to unbalanced use of chemical fertilizers (Scotti et al., 2015). The use of chemical fertilizer: nitrogen (N), phosphate (P2O5), potash (K2O) in 2014-year ad around the world to 85.5, 32.2 and 20.4 (kg of nutrients per ha) respectively. In comparison with year 2000 (Within 14 years), 64.9, 25.9 and 18.2 (kg of nutrients per ha) respectively: 31.7, 28.1 and 12 % it has increased (FAO, 2015). The enhance health and food security, agricultural products produced in systems in order to maintain the dynamics of ecosystems, crops based on ecological principles is important. Unbalanced and inconsiderate use of chemical inputs cause instability in agricultural ecosystems and irreparable economic and environmental effects as agriculture is known around the world. Sustainable agriculture with a view to achieving sustainable production and sustainability in the long term, the reduction or elimination of chemical inputs in agricultural production is based. Biological fertilizers contain preservatives with a dense population of beneficial soil microorganisms one or more and or metabolic products are available to improve soil fertility and appropriate supply of nutrients needed by plants in a sustainable farming system used and Global approach to agricultural production Toward Production and use of these microorganisms in the arable system.
Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with four replications during growing season of 2016 at the experimental field of Beiran Shahr town of Khorramabad in Lorestan Province, Iran (48° 31' E, 33° 40' N and 1653m above the sea level). Before conducting the experiment to determine the physical and chemical properties of soil samples were collected from 0-30 and 30-60 cm depth of soil. During this experiment effects of three factors were studied: 1. Inoculation with Arbuscular mycorrhizal M (Glomus etunicatum, G. intraradices, G. mossea) in tow levels (M1= inoculation, M2= no inoculation), 2. Inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum (strain 15) A, in tow levels (A1= inoculation, A2= no inoculation) and 3. Different Cultivars of Red Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in three levels (V1: landrace beiran shahr, V2: Akhtar and V3: Goli varieties). Chlorophyll content of the leaf was estimated by using chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 Plus, Konica Minolta. The Protein percent was carried out by Macro–Kjeldahl method and for measuring Root colonization, Gridline Intersect methods were used.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that the main effect of biological fertilizer, leaf number, SPAD chlorophyll content, root colonization, seed protein percent, seed yield and straw yield in the red bean cultivars were significantly increased, and as well as the tow interacation effect of the mycorrhiza and Azotobacter, root colonization were significantly increased. Based on variance analysis effects of triple action between Azotobacter×Mycorrhiza×Cultivars there were observed significant (P≤0.05) for seed yield. So that caused inoculation Azotobacter×Mycorrhizal×Cultivars, to seed yield in landrace beiran shahr, Akhtar and Goli varieties increased 56.5, 19.1 and 43.2 Percent compared to ttreatment non inoculation, respectively. The highest seed yield was obtained from the combined effect of Azotobacter×Mycorrhizal×varieties Goli (2981 kg. ha-1) plants with progressive indeterminate growth type.
Conclusions: Obtained results of this experiment showed that the studied traits of Red Bean cultivars were influenced by used biological fertilizer. It seems that the use of biological fertilizers (Mycorrhiza and Azotobacter) through better root and shoot growth, the balance between vegetative and reproductive development and improvement of leaf number, SPAD chlorophyll content and root colonization, could bean cultivars to significantly increase of economic performance. Generally, the application of these microorganisms provided the conditions necessary to improve the key characteristics associated with the growth and qualitative performance of bean plants. Which can be considered with respect to the sustainable production objectives of this plant, as well as to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers in sustainable ecosystems.

Keywords

References

Abbott, L.K., and Murphy, D.V. 2007. Soil biological fertility - a key to sustainable land use in agriculture. Published by Springer.
Abdollahi Sahlabadi, Z., Rahimi, M.M., and Keshavarzi, K. 2015. Investigating the effect of Azotobacter and Bio-phosphate fertilizers on yield and yield components of Phaseolous Vulgaris. Biological Forum – An International Journal, 7 (1): 534-538.
Aghababaei, F., Raiesi, F., and Hosseinpur, A. 2012. The Influence of earthworm and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on microbial biomass carbon and enzyme activity in a soil contaminated with cadmium in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivation. Journal of Water and Soil, 27 (5): 949-962. (in Persian with English abstract).
Aliasgharzade, N., Neyshabouri, M.R. and Salimi, G. 2006. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Bradyrhizobium japonicum on drought stress of soybean. Biologiae, 61: 324-328. (in Persian with English abstract).
Al-Karaki, G.N., Al-Raddad, A., and Clark, R.B. 1998. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and drought stress on growth and nutrient uptake of two wheat genotypes differing in drought resistance. Mycorrhiza, 7: 83-88.
Amirabadi, M., Rejali, F., Ardakani, M., and Borji, M. 2009. Effect of azotobacter and mycorrhizal fungi inoculants on the uptake of some nutrients in corn (SC 704 cultivar) at different levels of phosphorus. Iranian Journal of Soil Research (Soil and Water Science), 23 (1): 107-115. (in Persian).
Amraei, B., Ardakani, M.R., Rafiei, M., Paknejad, F., and Rejali, F. 2015a. Effect of Mycorrhiza and Azotobacter on concentration of macro elements and root colonization percentage in different cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Biological Forum – An International Journal, 7 (2): 895-900.
Ardakani, M.R., Rajali, F., and Heidari, S.H. 2012b. Study the effect of arbuscular biological fertilizer on yield and yield components of rice cultivars. Journal of Plant Eco physiology, 4 (11): 1-13. (In Persian with English abstract).
Azarmi, F., Malakouti, M.J., and Khavazi, K. 2014. Effect of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms on increasing the efficiency and recovery percent of phosphate fertilizers in canola. Iranian Journal of Soil Research (formerly Soil and Water Science), 24 (4): 499-507. (In Persian with English abstract).
Barea, J.M. 2015. Future challenges and perspectives for applying microbial biotechnology in sustainable agriculture based on a better understanding of plant-microbiome interactions. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 15 (2): 261-282.
Biari, A., Gholami, A., and Rahmani, H.A. 2011. Effect of different plant growth promotion bacteria (Azotobacter, Azospirillum) on growth parameters and yield of field maize. Journal of Water and Soil, 25 (1): 1-10. (In Persian with English abstract).
Boveiri Dehsheikh, A., Mahmoodi Sourestani, M., Zolfaghari, M., and Enayatizamir, N. 2017. The effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, chemical fertilizer and humic acid on morpho-physiological characteristics of basil (Ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflorum). Journal of sustainable agriculture and production science, 26 (4): 129-142. (In Persian with English abstract).
Clark, R.B., and Zeto, S.K. 2000. Mineral acquisition by arbuscular mycorrhizal plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 23: 867-902.
Food and agriculture organization of the united nations (FAO). 2015. Statistical pocketbook world food and agriculture. Available at Web site http://www.fao.org/Statistics (verified 31 Aug 2016).
Gan, Y., Malhi, S.S., Brandt, S., Katepa-Mupondwa, F., and Stevenson, C. 2011. Nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen uptake of Jancea canola under diverse environments. Agronomy Journal, 100: 285-295.
Habibi, S., Meskarbashee, M., Farzaneh, M. 2015. Effect of mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus spp) on wheat (triticum aestivum) yield and yield components with regard to irrigation water quality. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 13 (3): 471-484. (in Persian with English abstract).
Haji Boland, R., Aliasgharzadeh, N., and Mehrfar, Z. 2013. Ecological study of Azotobacter in two Zrbayhan Highland regions and its effect on growth and mineral nutrition of plants inoculated wheat. Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 2 (8): 75-89. (in Persian with English abstract).
Hamzei, J., and Sadeghi, F. 2014. Study of root colonization percentage of grain sorghum cultivars by two species of mycorrhizal fungi and its effect on some morphological and agronomic traits. Journal of agronomy science, 5 (9): 25-36. (In Persian with English abstract).
Harbone, J.B., and Dey, P.M. 1997. Plant Biochemistry. Academic Press, New York.
Hasanpour, J., and Zand, B. 2014. Effect of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed inoculation with bio-fertilizers on reduction of drought stress damage. Iranian journal of seed science and research, 1 (2): 1-12. (In Persian with English abstract).
Hernandez, A.N., Hernandez, A., and Heydrich, M. 1995. Selection of rhizobacteria for use in maize cultivation. Cultivar Tropicales, 6: 5-8.
Jiriaie, M., Fateh, E., and Aynehband, A. 2014. The consequences of the application of Mycorrhiza and Azospirillum inoculations on yield and yield components of wheat cultivars. Journal of Agroecology, 6 (3): 520-528. (In Persian with English abstract).
Khaghani, S.H., and Safapour, M. 2015. Study of characteristics mycorrhizal barley under biofortification by Zinc and Iron. Journal of crop production research, 6 (4): 303-316. (In Persian with English abstract).
Khalied, A.S., and Elkhider, R.A. 1993. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas and soil salinity. Mycorrhiza, 4: 45-57.
Khosrojerdi, M., Shahsavani, S.H., Gholipor, M., and Asghari, H.R. 2013. Effect of rhizobium and mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on some nutrient uptake by chickpea at different levels of iron sulfate fertilizer. Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Electronic Journal of Crop Production, 6 (2): 71-87.
Kizilkaya, R. 2008. Yield response and nitrogen concentrations of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) inoculated with Azotobacter chroococcum strains. Ecological Engineering, 33 (2): 150-156·
Koocheki, A., Bakhshaie, S., Khorramdel, S., Mokhtari, V., and Taher Abadi, S.H. 2015. Effect of mycorrhiza symbiosis on yield, yield components and water use efficiency of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) affected by different irrigation regimes in mashhad condition. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 13 (3): 448-460. (in Persian with English abstract).
Ledig, F.T., Drew, A.P., and Clark, J.G. 1976. Maintenance and constructive respiration, photosynthesis, and net assimilation rate in seedlings of pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.). Annual Botany, 4: 289-300.
Marzban, Z., Ameriyan, M.R., and Mamarabadi, M. 2014. Investigating the root characteristics and colonization index in cowpea and maize using mesorrhizobium bacteria and mycorrhiza in intercropping. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production, 4(2): 169-185. (In Persian with English abstract).
Mcclean, P., Kamir, J., and Gepts, P. 2004. Genomic and genetic diversity in common bean. In Wilson RF Stalker HT Brummer EC eds., Legume Crop Genomics. AOCS press. Champaign, Illinois pp 60-82.
Mirshekari, B., Baser, S., and Jawanshi, A. 2008. Effect of nitrogen biofertilizer and various levels of urea fertilizer on physiological characteristics and biological yield of hybrid corn 704 in cold semi-arid territories. Journal of Agriculture New Findings, 4 (3): 404-410. (In Persian).
Mirzakhani, M., Ardakani, M.R., Rejali, F., Shirani Rad, A.H., and Aeene Band, A. 2010. Evaluation of seed twofold inoculation by fungi Glomus Intraradices Mycorrhiza and Azotobacter Chorococum with various Nitrogen and Phosphorus levels use on oil yield and some of traits in safflower. Journal of Agronomy and plant breeding, 6 (1): 75-87. (In Persian).
Mrkovacki, N., and Milic, V. 2001. Use of Azotobacter chroococcum as potentially useful in agricultural application. Annals of Microbiology, 51: 145-158.
Nelson, D.W., and Sommers, L.E. 1973. Determination of total nitrogen in plant material. Agronomy Journal, 65: 109–112.
Nieto, K.F., and Frankenberger, W.T.(Jr.). 1991. Influence ofadenine, isopenyl alcohol and Azotobacter chroococcum on thevegetative growth of zea mays. Plant and Soil, 135: 213-221.
Omidi, A., Mirzakhani, M., and Ardakani, M.R. 2014. Evaluation of the qualitative traits of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) as affected by Azotobacter and Mycorrhizal symbiosis. Journal of Agroecology, 6 (2): 324-338. (In Persian with English abstract).
Parvizi, K., Dashti, F., Esna Ashari, M., Rejali, F., and Chiechi, M. 2014. Effect of two mycorrhizal fungi species (Glomus mosseae and G. etunicatum) on mineral nutrients uptake and mini tuber production in potato plantlets. Journal of Soil biology, 1 (1): 61-69. (In Persian with English abstract).
Prvulovic, D., Popovice, M., Malencic, D., Marinkovic, B., and Jacimovic, G. 2010. Effects of nitrogen fertilization on the biochemical and physiological parameters in leaves and root of sugar beet associated with Azotobacter chroococcum. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 33:15–26.
Ramana, V., Ramakrishna, M., Purushotham, K., and Balakrishna Reddy, K. 2010. Effect of bio-fertilizers on growth, yield attributes and yield of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Legume Research an International Journal, 33 (3): 178-183. Available at Web site http://www.arccjournals.com / indianjournals.com/ (verified September 2010).
Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Norouzian, A., and Seyyedi, S.M. 2015. Evaluation the effects of manure and mycorrhizal inoculation on grain and oil yield of spring safflower cultivars (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Journal of Agroecology, 7 (3): 331-343. (In Persian with English abstract).
Rohitashav, S., Sood, B. K., Sharma, V. K., and Singh, R. 1993. Response of forage maize (Zea mays L.) to Azotobacter inoculation and nitrogen. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 38: 555-558.
Safapour, M., Ardakani, M.R., Khaghani, S.H., Rejali, F., Zargari, K., Changizi, M., and Teimuri, M. 2011c. Response of yield and yield components of three red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes to co-inoculation with Glomus intraradices and Rhizobium phaseoli. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 11 (3): 398-405.
Safapour, M., Ardakani, M.R., Rejali, F., Khaghani, S.H., and Teimuri, M. 2010. Effect of co-inoculation of Mycorrhiza and Rhizobium on common bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.). Science-Research Quarterly Journal New Finding in Agriculture, 5 (1): 21-35. (In Persian).
Schussler, A., Schwarzott, D., and Walker, C.H. 2001. A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: phylogeny and evolution. Mycological Research, 105 (12): 1413-1421.
Scotti, R., Bonanomi, G., Scelza, R., Zoina, A., and Rao, M.A. 2015. Organic amendments as sustainable tool to recovery fertility in intensive agricultural systems. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 15 (2): 333-352.
Shahraki, M., Dahmarede, M., Khamari, E., and Asgharzade, A.  2016. Effects of Azotobacter and Azospirillum and levels of manure on quantitative and qualitative traits of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Journal of Agroecology, 8 (1): 59-69. (In Persian with English abstract).
Tennant, D. 1975. A test of a modified line intersect method of estimating root length. Journal of Ecology 63: 995-1001.
Wissuwa, M., Gamat, G., and Ismail, A.M. 2005. Is root growth under phosphorus deficiency affected by source or sink limitation. Journal of Experimental Botany, 56: 1943-1950.
Yadegari, M., and Asadi Rahmani, H. 2010. Evaluation of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seeds’ inoculation with Rhizobium phaseoli and plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on yield and yield components. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5 (9): 792-799. Available at Web site http://www.academicjournals.org/AJAR/ (verified 4 May 2010).
Yousefpoor, Z., Yadavi, A., Balouchi, H., and Farajee, H. 2014. Evaluation of some physiological, morphological and phonological characteristics in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) influenced by biological and chemical sources of nitrogen and phosphorus. Journal of Agroecology, 6 (3): 508-519.
Zuccarini, P. 2007. Mycorrhizal infection ameliorates chlorophyll content and nutrient uptake of lettuce exposed to saline irrigation. Plant Soil and Environment (PLANT SOIL ENVIRON), 53: 283-289.
Applied Field Crops Research
Volume 33, Issue 3 - Serial Number 128
papers
December 2020
Pages 1-22

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics