Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1
Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Karaj
2
1Ph.D. student, Department of Agronomy, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran.
3
2Assist. Prof., Department of Agronomy, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran.
4
3Prof., Department of Agronomy, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran.
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Tobacco cultivation is commonly used as a specialized product in Mazandaran province and has achievements for employment, income, and livelihood of villagers in the region. Investigation the status of tobacco cultivation in this province in recent years has shown the cultivation of this product with many challenges which has reduced tobacco production in Mazandaran province (Iranian Tobacco Company, 2016). According to the official statistics released by Iranian Tobacco Company, the tobacco cultivation area in Iran is over 6,000 hectares and tobacco production is about 9,000 tons (Iranian Tobacco Company, 2016). Mazandaran province with 1,000 hectares of tobacco cultivation in 2014 has a first rank in Iran (Iranian Tobacco Company, 2016). The same amount is predicted for 2016. The use of chemical fertilizers in agro-ecosystems not only damages the physical, chemical and biological structure of the soil, but also greatly affects the quality of the product and also has adverse environmental effects. Considering the importance of organic manures in the growth and increase of crops’ qualitative and quantitative yield and protection of environment, it is necessary to use organic manures in growing tobacco; this research actually seeks answers for different aspects of applying organic manure (poultry and cow) with the purpose of investigating the effect of different resources of chemical and organic manures in the two rain-fed and chemical conditions on the qualitative and quantitative yield of greenhouse tobacco.
Material and Methods
The study was conducted in the Tirtash Research and Educational Center, Mazandaran Province, Iran in 2015. This experiment was carried out based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications under rain-fed and irrigated conditions for flue-cured tobacco K326 in Tirtash Research and Educational Center in 2015. Fertilizer treatment chosen as eight levels which includes: control (non-consumption); application of 100% recommended fertilizer; application of 10 ton cow manure per hectare; application of 30 ton cow manure per hectare; application of 450 kg poultry manure per hectare; application of 650 kg poultry manure per hectare; application of 850 kg poultry manure per hectare and application of 650 kg poultry manure per hectare plus 150 kg potassium sulfate per hectare. After normalization, the data analyzed by the SAS statistical software and the comparison of averages were calculated by Duncan tests at a 5% probability level.
Results and Discussion
Result showed that yield and economical under rainfed and irrigated conditions indices got significant effect by fertilizer treatment. Nitrogen and phosphorous concentration, protein percentage was significant only in rainfed condition and color concentration got significant effect under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Physiological indices including relative water content, cytoplasmic membrane and extinction coefficient under rainfed and irrigated conditions were significant by fertilizer treatments, but prolin and percentage of non-soluble sugar got significant effect by rainfed condition. In rainfed condition the highest yield and net income were achieved with application of 650 kg poultry manure per hectare plus 150 kg potassium sulfate per hectare treatment. The most extinction coefficient was related to application of 450 kg poultry manure per hectare. For relative water content the best treatment was application of 30 ton cow manure per hectare. In irrigated condition maximum fresh leaf weight and yield was obtained by application of 30 ton cow manure per hectare and application of 100% recommended fertilizer. In attention to finding results, the most net income was observed by application of 10 ton cow manure per hectare.
Conclusion
Therefore, in terms of economic issues in irrigated condition the best treatment was application of 10 ton cow manure per hectare. According to finding, the best treatment under rainfed and irrigated conditions was application of 650 kg poultry manure per hectare plus 150 kg potassium sulfate per hectare treatment that caused the highest quantitative and qualitative yield.
Keywords
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