@article { author = {farazi, mohammad and Goldani, Morteza and Nasiri Mahallati, Mehdi and Nezami, Ahmad and Rezaei, JAVAD}, title = {Investigating the effect of silicon and potassium foliar spraying and additional soil application of potassium on quantitative and qualitative yield of sugar beet (Betavulgaris L.) under moisture stress conditions}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, pages = {1-19}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2018.121281.1276}, abstract = {Introduction: Deficit water resources is one of limitations of sugar beet cultivation and the use of compounds that can be improved growth and sugar beet production is the most important research priorities. Potassium plays a main role against deficit water. Potassium has great effect on keeping down Osmotic potential of root cells. Its existence is critical for duration preservation and create the pressure on poke and adjustment water balance on plants. Existence of potassium has special importance in keeping water plant's tissue.. Silicon has the potential to be used in the production of floriculture crops to increase flower and stem size, accelerate flowering and improve resistance to stresses including drought. Silicon (Si) is a non-essential nutrient for most plants. However, in field crops it is known to affect plant growth and quality, photosynthesis, transpiration and enhance plant resistance to stresses such as drought. Si enhances physical and chemical defense power of plants. However, beneficial effects of Si are most obvious in high Si-accumulating plant species Si plays a significant role in modulating physiological and metabolic responses in plant. This study investigated into role of foliar spraying Silica and Potassium on the sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) under deficit Irrigation. Materials and Methods: In order to study the effects of foliar spraying silicon and Potassium on quantitve and qualitative yield of sugar beet under conditions of irrigation deficit, two experiments were conducted a split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications in two regions of Mashhad and Fariman and analyzed as complex in 2016. Main plots were allocated to irrigation treatments including: 100, 75 and 50 percent of water requirement and sub plots were allocated to four fertilizer levels including: control, Potassium, Silicon, Potassium with Silicon. Promoter system (OS-1 model) for stomatal conductance and chlorophyllmetr system for chlorophyll index and Betalizer and Sugarmetr system were used to measuring qualitative traits. Results and Discussion: The results showed that interactions of fertilizer treatments on yield, root Potassium, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll index at 1% level and Sugar content, Extraction coefficient of sugar and Molasses sugar were significant at 5% level. The simple effects of fertilizer treatments were on Sodium and Amino nitrogen significant at 1% and 5%, respectively. In the case of water adequacy, Application of silica and potassium fertilizers had an increasing effect and increased the yield by 12.9% and in a mild stress condition (75% water requirement), increased by 21%, chlorophyll index and 37% stomatal conductance and 14.5% yield compared to the control. The application of silica and potassium fertilizers under severe drought stress (50% water requirement) did not affect quantitative yield. But reduced the molass sugar by 47%. The use of these two elements reduced the amount of sodium and nitrogen contaminants by 26% and 21.5%, respectively. The results showed that the correlation between the amount of potassium and silicon leaves and yield and Sugar content was positive. For best results, the minimum weights of potassium and silicon leaves should be 4.5 and 3.5 mg / kg, respectively. Conclusions: In general, the results showed that simultaneous use of silica and potassium fertilizers had an increasing effect and could improve the quality and quantity of beet in different irrigation regimes.}, keywords = {Drought Stress,Chlorophyll index,Stomatal conductance,amino nitrogen}, title_fa = {بررسی تاثیر محلول پاشی سیلیس و پتاس علاوه بر مصرف خاکی پتاسیم بر عملکرد کمی وکیفی چغندر قند (.Beta vulgaris L) در شرایط تنش رطوبتی}, abstract_fa = {کمبود منابع آبی یکی از محدودیت‌های توسعه کشت چغندرقند است. استفاده از ترکیباتی که بتواند این محدودیت را کاهش دهد یکی از اولویت‌های پژوهشی محسوب می شود. بدین منظورجهت بررسی اثرات سیلیس و پتاسیم برعملکرد کمی وکیفی چغندر قند تحت شرایط کم آبی آزمایشی بصورت کرتهای خردشده درقالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در 2 منطقه مشهد و فریمان در سال زراعی 1395 اجرا و بصورت مرکب تجزیه واریانس شد. سه تیمارآبیاری شامل 100درصد(I1 )،75 درصد(I2)،50 درصد(I3) نیازآبی چغندر قند در کرت های اصلی و چهار تیمارمایع کودی با میزان مصرفی یک لیتر در هکتار شامل شاهدF1))، پتاس حاوی 500 گرم K 2Oدر لیتر (F2)، سیلیس حاوی 200 گرم SiO2 درلیتر (F3)، پتاس + سیلیس (F4) در کرتهای فرعی قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد درشرایط کفایت آبی(100درصد نیاز آبی) مصرف همزمان پتاسیم وسیلیس بر هم اثر افزایشی داشت و موجب افزایش 9/12 درصدی عملکرد شد. سیلیس وپتاس درشرایط تنش ملایم (75درصد نیازآبی) با‌‌افزایش21درصدی شاخص کلروفیل و37درصدی هدایت روزنه ای موجب افزایش 5/14درصدی عملکرد نسبت‌به ‌شاهد شد. مصرف کودهای سیلیس وپتاسیم درشرایط تنش شدید خشکی (50 درصد نیاز آبی) تاثیری بر عملکرد کمی نداشت. اما قند ملاس را 47 درصدکاهش داد. کاربرد این دو عنصر موجب کاهش 26 و 5/21 درصدی ناخالصی های سدیم و نیتروژن مضره نسبت به شاهد شد. نتایج نشان داد همبستگی بین میزان پتاسیم وسیلیس برگ با عملکرد و عیار چغندر مثبت بوده و جهت حصول بهترین عملکرد وعیار بایدحداقل میزان پتاسیم وسیلیس برگ به ترتیب 5/4 و5/3 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم باشد.}, keywords_fa = {تنش خشکی,شاخص کلروفیل,هدایت روزنه ای,نیتروژن مضره}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_117515.html}, eprint = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_117515_03ddf1415becb60144b627649716c465.pdf} } @article { author = {Afzalinia, Sadegh and Karami, Alidad and Rousta, Mohammad Javad}, title = {Effect of conservation agriculture on soil properties and sesame yield in the sesame-wheat rotation}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, pages = {20-40}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2018.121525.1284}, abstract = {Effect of conservation agriculture on soil properties and sesame yield in the sesame-wheat rotation Introduction: Conservation tillage methods offer considerable advantages compared to the conventional tillage; therefore, these tillage methods are widely disseminated throughout the world. Conservation tillage affects soil properties, environment, and crop yield. Results of research studies show that conservation tillage saves water in wheat production compared to the conventional tillage (Erenstein & Laxmi, 2008). Conservation tillage also increases soil organic carbon (Madejon et al., 2009) and sesame yield (Uzun et al., 2012) as compared to the conventional tillage. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of conservation tillage practices on soil properties and sesame yield in sesame-wheat crop rotation under hot climatic condition of Fars province. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted using a randomized complete block experimental design with five treatments and four replications in Fars province from 2010 to 2013. Treatments included; 1) reduced tillage (T1), 2) wheat and sesame direct seeding (T2), 3) sesame direct seeding for four years, wheat direct seeding for the first two years and the fourth year, and conventional planting in the third year (T3), 4) wheat direct seeding for four years, sesame direct seeding for the first two years and the fourth year, and conventional planting in the third year (T4), and 5) conventional tillage (T5). Soil bulk density was measured at two soil depths including 0 to 10 and 10 to 20 cm using core samplers. Soil moisture content was measured using TDR at the soil depth of 0 to 20 cm. Soil water cumulative infiltration and infiltration rate were determined using double ring method. Soil organic carbon was measured by analyzing mixed soil samples in laboratory, and carbon dioxide emission from the soil was determined in the field using Anderson method. Sesame yield was calculated by harvesting 10 m2 area of each experimental plot. Collected data were analyzed using SAS software and Duncan's multiple range tests was used to compare the treatments means. Results and Discussion: Results of this research indicated that tillage methods had significant effect on soil moisture content so that the maximum soil moisture content was obtained from the no-till method and the conventional tillage gave the lowest soil moisture content. Tillage methods had no significant effect on soil bulk density; therefore, conservation tillage methods did not considerably increase soil compaction. Results also showed that soil cumulative infiltration and infiltration rate were affected by tillage methods in such a way that conservation tillage practices decreased soil infiltration rate compared to the conventional tillage. Conservation tillage methods also increased soil organic carbon and decreased carbon dioxide emission from the soil as compared to the conventional tillage. Meanwhile, conservation tillage methods did not significantly decrease sesame yield relative to the conventional tillage. Conclusion: Results showed that conservation tillage methods increased soil moisture retention (at most 50%) and soil organic carbon (138%) relative to the conventional tillage. Soil bulk density was not affected by tillage methods, while conservation tillage methods reduced soil water cumulative infiltration and infiltration rate compared to the conventional tillage (33%). Conservation tillage methods reduced carbon dioxide emission from the soil by 19%. Meanwhile, conservation tillage methods did not reduce sesame yield compared to conventional methods. Acknowledgments: The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support extended by the Agriculture Organization of Fars province and Agricultural Engineering Research Institute. Keywords: Tillage methods, soil bulk density, soil moisture content, soil organic carbon, sesame, soil infiltration rate References Erenstein, O., and Laxmi, V. 2008. Zero tillage impacts in India’s rice–wheat systems: A review. Soil & Tillage Research, 100: 1–14. Madejón, E., Murillo, J. M., Moreno, F., López, M. V., Arrue, J. L., Alvaro-Fuentes, J., and Cantero, C. 2009. Effect of long-term conservation tillage on soil biochemical properties in Mediterranean Spanish areas. Soil and Tillage Research, 105 (1): 55-62. Uzun, B., Yol, E., Furat, Ş., Topak, M., Anak, M., and Karayel, D. 2012. The effects of different tillage methods on the post-wheat second crop sesame: seed yield, energy budget, and economic return. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 36: 399-407.}, keywords = {Tillage methods,soil bulk density,soil moisture content,Soil organic carbon,sesame,soil infiltration rate}, title_fa = {اثر کشاورزی حفاظتی بر خصوصیات خاک و عملکرد کنجد در تناوب با گندم}, abstract_fa = {این تحقیق در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با پنج تیمار و چهار تکرار در ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی داراب فارس انجام شد (1389 تا 1393). تیمارهای تحقیق عبارت بودند از 1) کم‌خاکورزی (شخم با خاک ورز مرکب و کاشت با خطی کار) ، 2) کشت مستقیم گندم (رقم چمران) و کنجد (رقم داراب2) به مدت چهار سال، 3) کشت مستقیم گندم در سال‌های اول، دوم و چهارم و کشت مرسوم آن در سال سوم وکشت مستقیم کنجد به مدت چهار سال، 4) کشت مستقیم کنجد در سال‌های اول، دوم و چهارم و کشت مرسوم آن در سال سوم وکشت مستقیم گندم به مدت چهار سال و 5) خاک‌ورزی مرسوم (شخم با گاوآهن برگرداندار، دوبار دیسک و لولر و کاشت با خطی کار). نتایج نشان داد که روش‌های خاک‌ورزی حفاظتی باعث افزایش رطوبت خاک (حداکثر 50 درصد) و کربن آلی خاک (حداکثر 138 درصد) شدند. جرم مخصوص ظاهری خاک تحت تأثیر معنی دار روش خاک ورزی قرار نگرفت، اما نفود تجمعی و سرعت نفوذ آب در خاک تحت تأثیر تیمارهای خاک‌ورزی حفاظتی کاهش یافت (حداکثر 33 درصد). همچنین، روش‌های خاک‌ورزی حفاظتی به ویژه کم‌خاک‌ورزی انتشار دی اکسید کربن از خاک را نسبت به خاک‌ورزی مرسوم کاهش دادند (حداکثر 19 درصد). ضمنا روش‌های خاک‌ورزی حفاظتی در مقایسه با خاک‌ورزی مرسوم، باعث کاهش معنی‌دار عملکرد کنجد (حداکثر عملکرد کنجد در روش حفاظتی 2011 کیلوگرم در هکتار و در روش مرسوم 2045 کیلوگرم در هکتار) نشدند. بنابراین در مناطق گرم استان فارس، روش‌های خاک‌ورزی حفاظتی می‌توانند جایگزین خاک‌ورزی مرسوم در تهیه زمین کنجد گردند.}, keywords_fa = {جرم مخصوص ظاهری خاک,رطوبت خاک,روش‌های‌ مختلف خاک‌ورزی,کربن آلی خاک,کنجد,نفوذ آب در خاک}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_117519.html}, eprint = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_117519_33490015133345f1d1e255e1bf1b9d74.pdf} } @article { author = {Alizadeh, Parisa and Kamkar, Behnam and shataee, shaban and kazemi posht masari, hossein}, title = {Estimation of changes in land area under wheat and soybean cultivation using satellite images classification techniques in west of Golestan province}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, pages = {41-61}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2018.121231.1268}, abstract = {Introduction:Estimation of cultivated area is controlled on the basis of some features such as seed rate, fertilizer and other delivered chemical inputs which are costly andtime consuming. In this way, using satellite data as a new solution not only reduces the drawbacks of conventional estimation methods of cultivated area , but also can be helpful for various programming aims in the agriculture scope. Land cover mapping is important for much planning and management activities. Today, satellite images and remote sensing techniques are extensively used in all sectors, including agriculture and natural resources because they provide updated data and high analyzing abilities. It is one of the fastest and most cost-effective methods to map those lands are available for researchers. In recent years, sattelite imagery and different detection methods have helped researches to detect the features at a lower cost and spend less time. Different methods are avialbale for this purpose.. Each method has some advantages and disadvantages. Artificial neural network, fuzzy logic, support vector machine, decision tree, object-oriented classification and intelligent systems can be considered as advanced classification methods (Guo et al., 2012). In this study, we want to detect wheat and soybean-grown fields with two advanced classification methods (i.e. support vector machine (SVM) and artificial neural network (ANN)) in west of Golestan Province, Iran. Cultivation areas were determined from those maps extracted from satellite images to use them as the base layer for other research goals. Materials and Methods:The current research was conducted with the aim of estimating the wheat- and soybean-grown areas during a 16-year period from 2000 to 2016 using Landsat satellite imagery. To this purpose, two classification methods, support vector machine and artificial neural network, were used. In order to classify and detect aforementioned two crops, ground control points (GCPs), the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for agricultural lands, and spectral behavior of wheat and soybean training GCPs were involved. In order to validate the results of classification, the generated maps were checked by GCPs (coordinated with GPS). Results and Discussion: Wheat and soybeans were at the maximum vegetative growth in May and September, and were well-detected from other crops. So the images of these two months were used for detection in all studied years. According to the results of previous studies, support vector machine and artificial neural network could be used as two reliable image classification methods for detecting the crops vegetation cover (Rahimzadegan & Pourgholam ,2017; Mokhtari & Najafi, 2015). The accuracy of image classification was assessed using kappa coefficient and overall accuracy. Kappa coefficient and overall accuracy showed the support vector machine method was superior than artificial neural network method in classifying agricultural lands and detecting studied wheat- and soybean-grown fields. In the all images, the calculated overall accuracy coefficient was more than 80% (0.84 to 0.92 for wheat; and 0.84 to 0.90 for soybean) and Kappa coefficient was more than 0.8, indicating the reliability of the classification outputs. According to comparisons of satellite image-based estimations and real recorded ststistics, about 93% of the estimated areas of wheat - and soybean grown fields in the 16 consecutive years of study were within the range of 15% confidence level, which indicates that this method is a reliable method for detecting these two crops using images of April (for wheat) and September (for soybean). Conclusions: The support vector machine method of classification was identified as the superior method. wheat- and soybean-grown fields maps extracted from satellite images can be used as a base layer for regional modeling, providing yield gap layer, calculating the water requirement, designing crop pattern and etc.}, keywords = {Remote Sensing,Classification,Artificial Neural Networks,Support Vector Machine}, title_fa = {برآوردتغییرات سطح زیرکشت گندم و سویا با استفاده از طبقه‌بندی تصاویر ماهواره‌ای در غرب استان گلستان}, abstract_fa = {برآورد سطح زیر کشت بر اساس شاخصهای جنبی از جمله میزان بذر، کود و سم تحویلشده به کشاورزان و همچنین برآوردهای شرکتهای مشاور کنترل میگردد که کاری زمان‌بر و پر‌هزینه می‌باشد. بنابراین این مطالعه با هدف برآورد سطح زیر کشت دو محصول گندم و سویا در طی سالهای 2000 تا 2016 با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره لندست انجام شد. بعد از پیش پردازش و پردازش های لازم، و تهیه نمونه های تعلیمی مناسب از مزارع کشت سویا و گندم، طبقه بندی تصاویر با استفاده از دو روش طبقهبندی شبکه عصبی مصنوعی و ماشین ‏بردار پشتیبان انجام شد و جهت طبقهبندی با هدف تفکیک این دو محصول زراعی دادههای واقعیت زمینی، نقشه NDVI اراضی زراعی و شناسایی رفتار طیفی نقاط آموزشی گندم و سویا بکار برده شدند. نقشه های حاصل از طبقه بندی با استفاده از نقاط واقعیت زمینی مورد ارزیابی صحت قرار گرفتند. با توجه به نتایج بهدستآمده از بررسی ضـریب کاپـا و صـحت کلـی، روش ماشین‏بردار پشتیبان برای طبقه‌بندی اراضی کشاورزی و تفکیک محصولات نسبت به روش شبکه عصبی موفق‌تر بود و در همه تصاویر مقدار صحت کلی محاسبهشده و ضریب کاپا به ترتیب بیشتر از 80٪ و بیش از 8/0میباشد که این نشان‌دهنده قابلاعتماد بودن نتایج طبقهبندیاست. طبق نتایج، حدود 93 درصد از نقاط برآورد‌شده سطح زیرکشت گندم و سویا در طی 16 سال مورد مطالعه در محدوده حدود اطمینان 15± درصد قرار دارند که نشان می‏دهد این روش، روش مطمئنی برای تفکیک این دو محصول با استفاده از تصاویر اردیبهشت‏ماه (برای گندم) و شهریورماه (برای سویا) می‏باشد.}, keywords_fa = {سنجش از دور,طبقه‌بندی,شبکه عصبی مصنوعی,ماشین‏بردار پشتیبان}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_117533.html}, eprint = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_117533_557ba1896e266089c83fbf18f4dd157e.pdf} } @article { author = {دورودیان, حمیدرضا and Besharati, Hosein and افشاری, میترا}, title = {Effect of PGPR inoculation on yield and nutrient uptake of corn (SC. 704)}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, pages = {62-74}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2018.106281.1067}, abstract = {Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on Growth and nutrient uptake of Corn (SC.704) Introduction Maize (Zea mays) is one of the most important crops with high nutritive requirements. Due to the characteristics of its rooting system, maize develops a great deal of interaction with soil microorganisms and as a result, it is greatly influenced by soil microbial communities. Pseudomonas and Bacillus are the most important PGPRs that increase plant growth directly or indirectly via different mechanisms such as production of plant hormones (auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellic acid). This may result in increased plant root mass and root branching, ultimately contributing to the increased rates of nutrient uptake by roots. The inoculation of plants with Pseudomonas fluorescence increases plant growth through the production of growth stimulants such as indole acetic acid (IAA) and cytokinins (Vikram et al., 2007). PGPRs can also indirectly induce plant growth via protecting plants from pathogenic injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of PGPR bacteria on growth and nutrient absorption of maize plant. Materials and Methods In this experiment, of the 51 bacterial strains extracted from alfalfa rhizosphere, 8 superior isolates of Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Rhizobium (Pf54, Pf12, Pf39, Pf29, Bv1, Bv2, Rm42 and Rm43) were selected based on their growth parameters performance in the previous studies (Besharati et al., 2017). The experiment consisted of twelve treatments: 8 bacterial isolates, a mixture of Pseudomonas fluorescent, Rhizobium and Bacillus isolates, (T9), control without fertilization and inoculation (T10), low-input chemical treatment (50% fertilizer recommendation) (T11) and full application of chemical fertilizer (T12), which were arranged in a complete randomized block design with three replications. Five maize seeds were sown in pots at 3 cm depth and one week after emergence, the number of plants per pot was reduced to 3. From planting till harvest, the phytotron chamber temperature was maintained at 25-28 ° C, relative humidity was from 50 to 70%, and a period of 12 hours of light 60,000 lux (day) and 12 hours of darkness were used. The measured traits included plant height, plant dry weight, root dry weight, root to shoot ratio, root length and the concentrations of N, P, Fe, Mn and Zn. Result and Discussion The results showed that the greatest plant heights of 90.1, 89.9, 89.9 and 89.2 cm were respectively obtained from PF12, BV1, pf54 and T9 treatments. The highest nitrogen uptake occurred with RM43 and mixture of isolates treatments. The most effective treatment was found to be the mixture of all bacterial isolates (T9), which resulted in a 83 % increase in maize plant dry weight relative to control. Martin et al, (1982) reported that inoculation of maize seeds with azotobacter and pseudomonas bacteria respectively increased the plant dry weight by 17 and 21 % as compared to control (Zahir et al, 1998) The Bacillus treatment increased phosphorus uptake by 3.5 times as compared to the control. PF54 treatment caused the highest Fe concentration in maize shoot. The mean absorption of phosphorus increased when the plant was treated with the mixture of Bacillus, Rhizobium and Pseudomonas (T9), which was 249% of the control. The highest (18.34 mg/kg) and the lowest (13.38 mg/kg) Mn shoot concentrations were respectively related to PF54 and control treatments. Conclusion Application of the bacteria strains significantly reduced the plant's need for nitrogen, iron, manganese and zinc elements, where the Bacillus was the most effective PGPR in this respect. The mixture of strains and the use of Rhizobium bacteria (RM42 and RM43) raised phosphorus absorption of maize shoot about 2.5 times of the mean value. All the Pseudomonas and Rhizobium strains used in seed inoculation have the ability to produce siderophore. The highest and lowest zinc concentrations in maize were observed under RM43 and PF540 treatments, respectively. Preparation of inoculum from two strains of Bacillus bacteria, two strains of Rhizobium bacteria and four strains of selected Pseudomonas bacteria and inoculation of maize seed before cultivation with these bacteria and using only one third of the recommended nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers together with the bacterial treatments can compete chemical fertilizers and significantly increase the growth indices and shoot nutrient concentrations in maize as compared to the full application chemical fertilizers alone.}, keywords = {Bacillus,Corn,Pseudomonas,Rhizobium}, title_fa = {اثر تلقیح باکتری های افزاینده رشد گیاه بر رشد و جذب عناصر غذایی ذرت دانه‌ای (هیبرید سینگل کراس 704)}, abstract_fa = {به منظور ارزیابی اثر 8 جدایه برتر از گونه های سودوموناس، باسیلوس و ریزوبیوم (Pf54، Pf12 ، Pf39، Pf29، Bv1، Bv2، Rm42 و Rm43) بر عملکرد و جذب عناصر غذایی ذرت، آزمایشی با 12 تیمارشامل 8 جدایه و همچنین مخلوط جدایه های سودوموناس فلورسنت، ریزوبیوم و باسیلوس (T9)، شاهد منفی بدون کود و تلقیح (T10)، تیمار کم نهاده شیمیایی (50 درصد توصیه کودی) (T11) و تیمار شیمیایی توصیه کودی کامل(T12)، در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در شرایط گلخانه‌ای در شهر کرج انجام گردید. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که گیاهان تیمارهای PF12، BV1 ، pf54 و T9 بیشترین ارتفاع بوته را داشتند. بیشترین جذب نیتروژن به ترتیب در تیمارهای RM43 و تلفیق جدایه ها مشاهده شد. فسفر جذب شده گیاهان تیمار شده باکتری های باسیلوس سه و نیم برابر شاهد افزایش یافت. جذب فسفر گیاهان سطوح تیمار مخلوط باکتری ها و نیز کاربرد باکتری های ریزوبیوم بطور مجزا، دو و نیم برابر تیمار شاهد بود. تیمار PF54 بیشترین غلظت آهن اندام هوایی ذرت را داشت. کاربرد باکتری های مورد استفاده در این آزمایش بطور معنی داری نیاز گیاه به عناصر نیتروژن، آهن، منگنز و روی را تامین کرد که باکتری های جنس باسیلوس موثر ترین باکتری در این میان بودند.}, keywords_fa = {باسیلوس,ذرت,ریزوبیوم,سودوموناس}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_117619.html}, eprint = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_117619_ec6c53bd13ae0c2b8357ee5c223fcf1e.pdf} } @article { author = {limouchi, kaveh and fateminick, fatemeh and Yarnia, Mehrdad and Siadat, Seyed Ataallah and Gilani, Abdolali and Rashidi, Varahram}, title = {Evaluation of the effects of different irrigation regimes on remobilization of dry matter and grain yield of rice in northern Khuzestan}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, pages = {75-94}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2018.121252.1269}, abstract = {Introduction: Rice can be irrigated like wheat and corn as an aerobic plant (1 and 3). Studies show that at certain stages of plant development, materials development, production photosynthetic processes are surplus to requirements. This material is for Ghyrsakhtmany compounds in plant vegetative organs such as stems, pods and leaves are stored and to pursue the establishment of a strong physiological destinations, during remobilization to the grain moves (2). Potential remobilization is a physiologically acceptable index to a variety of factors including genotype and lack of water or too dependent (4). With regard to water crisis, it’s essential to increase knowledge level and awareness about water tension loss. This study aims at realization of this purpose and reducing the negative effects of water tension. Materials and methods: An experiment Was carried out Study of irrigation regimes on rice genotypes remobilization and grain yield of Khuzestan province in a split-plot arrangement using randomized comlete bloks design with three replication in 2014 and 2015 cropping seasons at Shavoor Agricultural Research Station, Dependent in Research Center of Agricultural and Natural Resources of Khuzestan. For exposing rice genotypes to Four different irrigation regimes (1, 3, 5 and 7 days), and 12 genotypes were randomized in sub-plots. Results and Discussion: The combined analysis results showed that all of these attributes among different irrigation regimes, genotype and interaction of two factors have significant difference, at the level of five percent and in property remobilization efficiency, between the irrigation regimes and this story was true for other levels and the qualities at one percent level. And only in the interaction of two factors of irrigation regime and total genotype distribution, no statistically significant difference was observed. The amount of remobilization, apart from the leave that saw decrease from Flood irrigation regime to 3-day period, in the other organs saw increase and then by increasing the number of decreasing irrigation intervals, according to the dry matter of organs. Regarding the efficiency of remobilization, apart from the leave that experienced a decreasing trend from flood irrigation regime to 5-day irrigation period, and then in 7-day irrigation period it experienced an increasing trend, while stem experienced a totally an inverse trend. The share of Leaves in redistribution share of three-day irrigation frequency decreased and then increased with increasing and decreasing irrigation, in a way that inverse share of stem and total had the largest share under the condition of increased drought around the plant by seven- day irrigation period. And the ability and difference of leave source could be the reason for its being different from the other organs. Probably due to low tank volume and reduced ability to produce the active tank, the main factor is reducing the amount of supply, efficiency and contribution of remobilization in irrigation regimes. Correlation coefficients show that grain yield with greatest average of 6555.10 kg per hectare in second irrigation regime with three-day irrigation period in the genotype IR 81025-B-327-3. Biggest significant and positive correlation was with panicle redistribution (0.207**), stem (0.136*) and total (0.129*) but the other attributes had negative correlation with the grain yield. Conclusion: According to the results stem maximum value, efficiency and remobilization of dry matter in the main sink plant, The genotypes with greater resistance and frequency of irrigation regimes with one, three and five days filling an important role in providing seed, and this could be one of the reasons for the superior yield of these genotypes is under irrigation.}, keywords = {irrigation intervals,remobilization,amount,Efficiency,portion}, title_fa = {اثر دور مختلف آبیاری بر توزیع مجدد ماده خشک و عملکرد دانه ژنوتیپ های برنج در شمال خوزستان}, abstract_fa = {به منظور بررسی اثر رژیم‌های مختلف آبیاری بر مقدار، راندمان و سهم توزیج مجدد برگ، ساقه، پانیکول و کل ژنوتیپ-های برنج، آزمایشی به صورت کرت‌های یک‌بار خرد شده، در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار به مدت دو سال (1393 و 1394) اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل، چهار رژیم آبیاری (1، 3، 5 و 7 روزه) و 12 ژنوتیپ برنج که به ترتیب در کرت‌های اصلی و فرعی قرار گرقتند بودند. نتایج تجزیه مرکب نشان داد کلیه صفات مزبور در بین رژیم‌های مختلف آبیاری، ژنوتیپ و برهم‌کنش دوعامل دارای تفاوت معنی‌داری در سطح پنج درصد در صفت راندمان توزیع مجدد کل در بین رژیم‌های مختلف آبیاری و یک درصد برای سایر سطوح و صفات بودند و تنها در برهم‌کنش دوعامل رژیم-آبیاری و ژنوتیپ توزیع مجدد کل تفاوت معنی‌داری از لحاظ آماری مشاهده نشد. مقدار توزیع مجدد به غیر از برگ که از رژیم بیاری غرقاب به سمت تناوب سه روزه کاهش داشت سایر اندام‌ها و کل این روند تا افزایشی و سپس با افزایش فواصل آبیاری رو به کاهش، با توجه کاهش ماده خشک اندام‌ها، رفت. در راندمان توزیع مجدد نیز به غیر از برگ که از رژیم آبیاری غرقاب تا رژیم آبیاری با تناوب پنج روز روند کاهشی و سپس در تناوب آبیاری هفت روز افزایشی را طی کرد در راندمان توزیع مجدد ساقه و کل این روند حالت عکس داشت. در سهم توزیع مجدد نیز سهم برگ در رژیم آبیاری با تناوب سه روزه کاهش و پس از آن با افزایش و کاهش آبیاری افزایش یافت.}, keywords_fa = {فواصل آبیاری,توزیع مجدد,مقدار,راندمان,سهم}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_117714.html}, eprint = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_117714_fb34e60d31b81c7952cd0146367d831a.pdf} } @article { author = {فراوانی, مهدی and Jafari, Ali Ashraf and Ranjbar, Majid and Negari, Abdoul Karim and Azizi, Narjes}, title = {Study of phenological, morphological and phytochemical characteristics of cumin genotypes in Mashhad}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, pages = {95-113}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2018.121387.1275}, abstract = {Introduction Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) is an economically important drought resistance medicinal plant of family Apiaceae. It is mainly cultivated in Iran, India, Syria, Pakistan and Turkey. It is widely used in foods, beverages and perfume and pharmaceutical industries. The mature dried fruit contain 2-5% essential oil(Gohari and Saeidnia, 2011, Li and Jiang, 2004). It is a monotypic species, phenotypic and genetic variability in cumin is also low(Bahraminejad, Mohammadi-Nejad, et al., 2011). Materials and Methods This study was carried out at Research Station of the Agricultural Research and Education Center of Khorasan Razavi, Iran during 2012-2013 crop year. In this experiment, 24 cumin ecotypes were collected from different parts by the Natural Resources Genes Bank of Iran. In order to evaluate the morphological and phenological traits and also measuring essential oil percentage, yield and yield components of Cuminum cyminum for achieving superior germplasm. It was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Seed samples were first cultivated in the greenhouse and then transferred to the field and cultivated in drip irrigation conditions. Results and Discussion According to the results, there was a significant variation (p≤ 0.05) among the genotypes in terms of traits including phenological characteristics (number of planting days to stem length of 41-28 days, 50% flowering 37- 57 days and maturity of 92-101 days) and morphological characters between the genotypes. The number of stem branches the genotypes was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) different (3.5-5.7). The observed differences in the yield components were: number of umbels per plant 8.7-8.5, number of umbellate in umbel 3-4, seeds in the umbellate 23-13, 1000-seed weight 2.8-4.2 g, total plant biomass as 6-22 g, the seed yield of each plant 2-8 grams, the essential oil percentage 0.99-3.11 and the essential oil yield 0.02-0.2 g/plant, which were significant at p ≤ 0.05. The results of Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that the plant biomass was the first trait that entered the regression model and justifies alone 51% of the variations in essential oil yield. Three more characters were entered to the regression model as 1000-seed weight, crown area and umbrellas per umbel and explained 60% of dependent traits (essential oil yield). In order to identify the direct and indirect effects of traits on seed yield, path-way analysis was performed based on the variables entered into the final regression stage. The number of branches and number of umbels per plant had the most direct effect on seed yield and essential oil PCA and cluster analysis were used to identify the distant among accessions. The first and second component in Cumin, justifies 71% of variations of the variables. Traits of plant cover, plant height, plant weight and essential oil percentage were the most important traits in cumin. the accessions located in cluster 1 were mainly originated from Markazi province, which had less essential oil yield. Conclusion Traits of plant biomass, number of umbrellas, canopy cover and 1000-seed weight had the most direct effect on the essential oil yield of the plant. These traits were determined as a suitable criterion for determining the production ability of cumin ecotypes.}, keywords = {Pathway analysis,Essential oils,diversity}, title_fa = {ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻓﻨﻮﻟﻮژﻳکی، ریختی و فیتوشیمی ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎی زیره سبز در شرایط آب و هوایی مشهد}, abstract_fa = {به منظور بررسی خصوصیات فنولوژیک، ریختی و فیتوشیمی اکوتیپ‌های زیره سبز ((Cuminum cyminum، آزمایشی با تعداد 24 اکوتیپ زیره سبز از نقاط مختلف کشور در قالـب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در مشهد در سال زراعی 1395-1394 به اجرا درآمد. نمونه‌های بذرو تمام اکوتیپ ها ابتدا در گلخانه کشت و سپس به مزرعه منتقل و در شرایط آبیاری قطره‌ای و در قالب بلکوهای کامل تصادفی با سه تکرارکشت شدند. خصوصیات فنولوژیکی از مرحله ساقه رفتن، 50% گلدهی و رسیدگی فیزولوژیکی ثبت و نیز صفات ریخت شناسی شامل ارتفاع بوته، تعداد انشعابات و همجنین عملکرد و اجزاء عملکرد اندازه گیری شد.نتایج نشان داد تعداد چتر در بوته 5/15-7/8 عدد، تعداد چترک در چتر 4-3 عدد، دانه در چترک 23-13عدد، وزن هزار دانه 2/4-8/2 گرم، زیست توده هر گیاه 22-6 گرم، عملکرد دانه هرگیاه 8-2 گرم، درصد اسانس 11/3-99/0 و عملکرد اسانس 2/0-02/0 گرم در بین‌ اکوتیپ ها دارای تفاوت معنی داری(01/0p≤) می باشد. تجزیه رگرسیون چندگانه خطی نشان داد وزن بوته اولین صفتی بود که وارد مدل رگرسیونی شد و به تنهایی 51 % از تغییرات مربوط به عملکرد اسانس را توجیه نمود. تجزیه علیت نشان داد که صفت وزن بوته در درجه اول و سایر صفات تعداد چترک، تاج و پوشش و وزن هزار دانه بیشترین اثر مستقیم بر عملکرد اسانس گیاه داشت. برای دوری و یا نزدیکی اکسشن ها از تجزیه خوشه‌ای و تجزیه به مولفه های اصلی استفاده شد. دو مولفه اول در زیره سبز 71% از کل تغییرات متغییرها را توجیه نمود. ا}, keywords_fa = {تجزیه علیت,اسانس,تنوع}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_117752.html}, eprint = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_117752_15dcafaa8c76ece0a1cd2b51a2248f3e.pdf} }