@article { author = {baygi, zeynab and Saifzade, Saeid Saifzade and Shirani Rad, Amir Hosein and Valadabad, Seyed Alireza and Jafarinejad, Ahmad}, title = {Effects of planting date on growth indices and yield and yield components spring wheat cultivars in Neyshabur}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {1-18}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2018.109088.1113}, abstract = {Introduction Recognizing and evaluating the physiological parameters of crop growth, are important in the analysis of effective factors on yield and its components. With the help of these, the stages of plant growth can be evaluated and, with a brief description of growth and development, the product is evaluated (Soleymani Fard et al.,2011). The production and accumulation of dry matter can be studied through Crop Growth Rate (CGR) and Relative Growth Rate (RGR), which are two important physiological parameters (Ghiasabadi, et al., 2015). Environmental stress has a negative effect on leaf area expansion, via low leaf production rate, delayed planting, facing to extreme high and low temperatures, etc. (Karim and Siddique, 1991).Sarvada et al., (2014) reported a positive relationship between leaf area index and crop yield and biomass. They although described that physiological parameters such leaf area index and dry matter production, decreased by delayed planting. According to them, the reduction in crop yield is related to the decline in such parameters. The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate planting date for wheat and investigating the response of promising spring wheat cultivars, to climate changes in Neyshabour- Iran. materials and ways The experiment was carried out at Agricultural Research Station of Neyshabour during 2014-2015 growing season. A split plot experiment, based on randomized complete block design with three replications performed to investigate the effects of planting date on wheat physiological characteristics. The main plots belonged to three planting dates (October 11th, November 10th, December 10th), while subplots belonged to different spring wheat cultivars (Chamran, Pishtaz, Bahar, Sirvan, Sivand, Parsi). In order to estimating physiological characteristics, quadrat sampling was carried out with a 20×60 cm frame, at 6 growing stages: tillering, stem elongation, booting, heading, pollination and ripening. dry matter accumulation (DMA), leaf area index (LAI) and crop growth rate (CGR), were calculated using the following equations, based on growing degree day: DMA(g.m-2)=exp(a+bx+cx2) (1) LAI=(a+bx+cx2) (2) CGR(g.m-2.10GDD-1)=(b+2cx)exp(a+bx+cx2) (3) Yield of wheat estimated after harvesting 5.7 m2 of each plot. First rows of each plot leaved unharvest in order to minimize border effect. Random sample of plants was chosen from two middle rows (0.3 m2) to record yield components (spike per square meter, grain per spike, thousand grain weight). Harvest index calculated using yield and biomass data. Plants harvested with a combine harvester. Results and discussion Results of analysis showed that planting date had a significant effect on plant height, Fertile tiller per square meter, Grain per spike, grain yield and average CGR. with delay in sowing date leaf area, crop growth rate ,dry matter accumulation decreased. effect of sowing date was significant on grain yield Results of mean comparison of sowing date on grain yield showed that date of 11 October with mean 6113( kg.ha-1) had the most grain yield. The sowing date of 10 December had the least grain yield with mean of 4124( kg.ha-1). (Table 3). Analysis of grain yield correlation with its components confirmed that spike number per square meter was most correlated with grain yield (table 5). This revealed that the reduction of spikes per square meter, was the main cause of grain yield reduction in delayed planting. There was a positive correlation between grain yield and average CGR (table 5). Conclusion In conclusion wheat plants produced more spike numbers per square meter during longer growing seasons, which resulted in higher grain yield at Neyshabour climate. Wheat common cultivars can be cultivated in October to achieve more grain yield. References Ghiasabadi, M. Khajeh-Hosseini, and Mohammad Abadi A, 2015. The study of Transplanting Date on Growth Analyses and Forage Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Mashhad Conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research.12(1):137-145.(In Persian). Karimi, M. M, and Siddique, H. M. 1991.Crop growth and relative growth rate of old and modern wheat cultivars.Aust. J. Agric. Res.42:13-20 Sarvade, S., Mishra, H.S., Kaushal, R., Chaturvedi, S., Tewari, S. and Jadhav, T.A. 2014. Performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop under different spacings of trees and fertilitylevels. African Journal of Agricultural Research 9: 866-873. Soleymanifard, A., S.S. Pourdad, R.Naseri, and A. Mirzaei.2011.Effect of planting pattern on phonological characteristic and growth indices of safflower (carthamus tinctoriu L.) in rainfed conditions. Iranian Journal of crop sciences.13(2):282-298.(In Persian).}, keywords = {Bread wheat,CGR,Grain yield,Temperaturet}, title_fa = {بررسی اثرات تاریخ کاشت بر شاخص های رشد و عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد ارقام گندم بهاره در نیشابور}, abstract_fa = {به منظور مطالعه بررسی اثرات تاریخ کاشت بر شاخص های رشد و عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد برخی ارقام گندم بهاره آزمایشی در سال 94-1393 در ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی نیشابور انجام شد. در این راستا شش رقم گندم چمران، پیشتاز، بهار، سیروان، سیوند و پارسی در سه تاریخ کاشت20 مهر،20 آبان و 20 آذر در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی و به صورت کرت های خردشده در سه تکرار کشت شدند. تاریخ های کاشت در کرت های اصلی و ارقام گندم درکرت های فرعی قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد با تاخیر در کاشت شاخص های فیزیولوژیک همچون شاخص سطح برگ، سرعت رشد محصول، وزن خشک تجمعی کاهش یافته است. اثر تاریخ کاشت در سطح 1 درصد بر عملکرد دانه معنی‌دار بود، و تأخیر در کاشت باعث کاهش عملکرد دانه گردید. تاریخ کاشت 20 مهر و20 آذر با میانگین 6113 و 4124 کیلوگرم در هکتاربه ترتیب بیشترین و کمترین عملکرد دانه را داشت . نتایج تجزیه همبستگی نشان داد که تعداد سنبله در واحد سطح بیشترین تأثیر را در بین اجزاء عملکرد بر عملکرد نهایی گندم داشت. همچنین بین عملکرد دانه با متوسط سرعت رشد محصول همبستگی مثبت و معنی داری مشاهده شد. نتیجه کلی نشان داد که تاریخ کاشت 20 مهر با مقدار 6113 کیلوگرم در هکتار و رقم بهار با 5391 کیلوگرم در هکتار عملکرد دانه از شاخص سطح برگ و سرعت رشد محصول بیشتری نیز برخوردار بوده است .}, keywords_fa = {دما,سرعت رشد محصول,عملکرد دانه,گندم نان}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_115964.html}, eprint = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_115964_218c824c8ed7a3d68d2c9f7afac6b85c.pdf} } @article { author = {فاطمی نژاد, پگاه and لاری یزدی, حسین and رفیعی, مسعود}, title = {Effect of Aerosols and Drought Stresses on Some Physiological Traits of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {19-30}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2018.109025.1109}, abstract = {Introduction: Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) is affected by some different stresses. Aerosol is one of the new problems that is accompanied by a drought stress in some Western and Southern parts of Iran (Marsafari, 2011). The increase of irrigation intervals reduces chlorophyll a and b and increases proline amino acid content of basil leaf (Gholdani, 2012). Zadeh Bagheri (2014) has indicated that the accumulation of sugar, chlorophyll, potassium and proline content in beans can be cause of drought-resistance in plants. The objective of this study was the evaluate aerosols along with drought stress effects on mungbean photosynthetic pigments, nitrogen compounds, soluble sugars and grain yield. Materials and Methods: The research was conducted to study the effect of drought and aerosol stresses on physiological traits of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) in the Lorestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center which lies at latitude 33° and 29' N, longitude 48° and 18' E, and an altitude of 1195 m above sea level in 2015. Before the beginning of the experiment, soil samples were taken in order to determine the physical and chemical properties. A split plot design based on RCBD was used with four replications. Four different irrigation regimes after 70 (well irrigated treatment), 80 , 90 and 100 mm evaporation from pan class A were assigned to main plot, and three aerosol levels did not contain aerosols (control) and using 50 and 100 mg m-3 aerosols in clay soil sours were randomized in subplots. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a + b, soluble sugars and protein content in leaves were measured at flowering period and grain yield was measured at harvesting time. The data were statistically analyzed using the MSTAT-C and SAS softwares. Comparison of means was performed using the Least Significant Difference test at 5% probability level. Results & Discussion: Result showed that chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a+b was significantly affected by drought stress. Aerosol only affects chlorophyll a. Drought and aerosol stresses interaction had a significant effect on chlorophyll a and decreased it. The highest amount of chlorophyll a (0.015 mg g-1 FW) in leaves was achieved by normal irrigation in different levels of the aerosol. Chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a + b significantly reduced by drought stress from 0.0083 and 0.024 in normal irrigation condition to 0.0037 and 0.01 mg g-1 FW in severe drought stress, respectively. Sugar of leaves was also significantly reduced by drought stress from 1.86 in normal irrigation condition to 4.62 mg g-1 FW in severe drought stress. Protein content was also significantly affected by drought stress and decreased from 0.15 in normal irrigation condition to 0.05 mg g-1 DW in severe drought stress. Significant and negative linear relationship was found between drought stress and grain yield, but found a significant and positive linear relationship between drought stress and leaf proline. Conclusion In addition, according to data analysis in this experiment, the synergistic effect was found in higher levels of drought stress and aerosols on chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a + b, soluble sugars and protein contents significantly decreased by drought stress. Also, Significant and negative linear relationship was found between drought stress and grain yield, but between drought stress and leaf proline was found to be significant and positive. Therefore, it seems that provision of water requirement of mungbean plant in the region, while preventing the decrease in grain yield, does not have a negative effect of aerosols on the plant. Key words: chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a+b, osmatic adjustment, grain yield. References Gholdani, M. 2012. Effect of irrigation intervals on some morphophysiological traits of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) ecotypes. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 10(2):412-420 (In Persian with English Summary). Marsafari, M., Asoudar, M.A. and Kordi, S. 2011. Aerosol resources and adjust their harm effects. Second national conference on critical management. Tehran. Iran. doi: http://www.civilica.com/Paper-NCEVSLL02-NCEVSLL02_388 (In Persian). Nourian, M.H., Zabihi, H. R. and Oveisi, M. 2015. Evalution of biofertilizers and B foliar application effects on grain yield in drought stress condition. Soil researches (Soil and Water Scince), 29(4): 179-186 (In Persian with English Summary).}, keywords = {Chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,chlorophyll a + b,osmatic adjustment,Grain yield}, title_fa = {اثرات ریزگرد و تنش خشکی بر برخی خصوصیات فیزیولوژیکی در گیاه ماش (Vigna radiata L.)}, abstract_fa = {ریزگرد مشکل نوظهوری است که همراه با تنش خشکی مناطقی از غرب و جنوب کشور را درگیر کرده است. به منظور بررسی تأثیر این دو عامل بر خصوصیات فیزیولوژیکی گیاه ماش (Vigna radiata L.)، آزمایشی بصورت کرت‌های خرد شده بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با 4 تکرار در تابستان سال زراعی 1394 در مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی لرستان انجام شد‌. عامل تنش خشکی از طریق آبیاری پس از 70 (آبیاری نرمال)، 80، 90 و 100 میلی‌متر تبخیر از تشتک تبخیر کلاس الف در کرت-های اصلی و عامل شبیه‌سازی ریزگرد شامل سه سطح شاهد (بدون ریزگرد) و کاربرد 50 و 100 میلی‌گرم در متر مکعب ریزگرد در کرت‌های فرعی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که میزان کلروفیلa تحت تأثیر هم‌افزائی افزایش غلظت ریزگرد و تشدید تنش خشکی بطور معنی‌داری کاهش یافت. تنش خشکی همچنین باعث کاهش معنی‌داری در کلروفیل‌های b وa+b و همچنین قندها و پروتئین‌های محلول برگ گردید. رابطه خطی معنی‌دار و منفی میان تنش خشکی با عملکرد دانه و مثبت میان تنش خشکی با محتوی پرولین برگ در گیاه ماش مشاهده شد. درمجموع گیاه ماش علی‌رغم کاهش عملکرد دانه، سعی در تعدیل تنش خشکی از طریق تنظیم اسمزی با افزایش اسمولیت‌های پرولین و قندهای محلول نمود و واکنش تقابلی به ریزگرد نشان نداد.}, keywords_fa = {کلروفیل a,کلروفیل b,تنظیم اسمزی,عملکرد دانه}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_115963.html}, eprint = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_115963_1dbc0e03c0101ee75408edfdc5971247.pdf} } @article { author = {سید شریفی, رئوف and خلیل زاده, راضیه and سلطان مرادی, ثریا}, title = {The effects of mycorrhizal fungi and nano zinc oxide on yield, dry matter accumulation, rate and duration of grain filling of wheat under soil salinity condition}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {31-49}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2018.109183.1116}, abstract = {شوری خاک یکی از مهمترین فاکتورهای محدود کننده رشد و تولید گیاهان زراعی است. تنش شوری به عنوان تنشی شناخته می شود که تعداد زیادی از فعالیت های مرتبط با انباشتگی یون ها و اسمولیت هایی مانند پرولین را موجب می‌شود. راهبردهای زیادی به منظور کاهش اثرات سمی ایجاد شده بوسیله‌ی شوری بالا در گیاهان توسعه یافته‌اند. در میان آن‌ها استفاده از کودهای زیستی نقش مهمی را در بهبود عملکرد ایفا می کنند.به منظور مطالعه اثر مایکوریزا و نانو اکسید روی بر عملکرد، تجمع ماده خشک، سرعت و طول دوره پر شدن دانه گندم در شرایط شوری خاک، آزمایش فاکتوریلی با طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشکده علوم کشاورزی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی در سال زراعی 1393 اجرا شد. فاکتورهای مورد بررسی شامل شوری خاک در سه سطح (عدم اعمال شوری، شوری40 و80 میلی‌مولار با استفاده از نمک NaCl)، کاربرد مایکوریزا در دو سطح (عدم کاربرد و کاربرد میکوریزا از نوع Glomus mosseae) و محلول‌پاشی با نانو اکسید روی در سه سطح (عدم مصرف، مصرف 4/0 و 8/0 گرم در لیتر) بودند. نتایج نشان داد که تعداد دانه در سنبله، وزن ریشه، حداکثر وزن دانه، سرعت و طول دوره پر شدن دانه، دوره موثر پر شدن دانه، عملکرد تک ‌بوته، سرعت رشد محصول و توده زنده کل به طور معنی‌داری تحت تاثیر میکوریز، سطوح شوری و نانواکسید روی قرار گرفتند. مقایسه میانگین‌ها نشان داد بالاترین عملکرد (45/0 گرم در بوته)، سرعت پر شدن دانه (0022/0 گرم در روز)، طول دوره پر شدن (28 روز)، دوره موثر پر شدن دانه (55/28 روز) و حداکثر وزن دانه (0606/0 گرم) به ترکیب تیماری‌ کاربرد میکوریز، محلول‌پاشی 8/0 گرم در لیتر نانو اکسید روی و عدم اعمال شوری به‌دست آمد. اعمال شوری80 میلی‌مولار، عملکرد دانه را 21 درصد کاهش داد و محلول‌پاشی بالاترین سطح نانو اکسید روی و کاربرد مایکوریزا 66 درصد از این کاهش عملکرد را جبران کرد. از این رو می‌توان پیشنهاد نمود که به منظور افزایش عملکرد، طول دوره و دوره موثر پر شدن دانه و برخی دیگر از شاخص های رشدی مانند سرعت رشد محصول و توده زنده کل در شرایط شوری، کاربرد میکوریز و محلول پاشی با نانواکسید روی به کار برده شود. In order to study the effects of Mycorrhiza and nano zinc oxide on yield, dry matter accumulation, rate and duration of grain filling of wheat under soil salinity condition, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2015. Experimental factors were soil salinity at three levels (without salinity as control, salinity of 40 and 80 Mm) as NaCl and Mycorrhiza application in two levels [without application, application of mycorhizal (Glomus mosseae)] and foliar application of nano zinc oxide in three levels (without nano zinc oxide, application of 0.4 and 0.8 g lit-1). The results showed that number of grain per spike, root dry weight, maximum of grain weight, rate and grain filling period, effective grain filling period, grain yield per plant and total biomass were significantly affected by Mycorrhiza application, salinity and nano zinc oxide levels. Means comparison showed that maximum of yield (0.45 g. per plant), grain filling rate (0.0022 g.day-1) grain filling duration (28 days), effective grain filling period (28.55 days) and maximum of grain weight (0.0606 g) were obtained at treatment compound of application of Mycorrhiza, foliar application of 0.8 g.lit-1 nano zinc oxide and non-salinity. Salinity 80 mM decreased 21% from grain yield and foliar application of the highest nano zinc oxide level and application of Mycorrhiza compensated 66% from yield reduction. Thus, it is suggested that in order to increase of yield, grain filling period, effective grain filling period and some growth indices such as total biomass in salinity condition, be applied application of mycorhizal with nano zinc oxide.}, keywords = {Bio fertilizers,total biomass,mycorrhiza,microelement,Foliar application}, title_fa = {تأثیر قارچ مایکوریزا و نانو اکسید روی بر عملکرد، تجمع ماده خشک، سرعت و طول دوره پر شدن دانه گندم در شرایط شوری خاک}, abstract_fa = {به منظور مطالعه اثر مایکوریزا و نانو اکسید روی بر عملکرد، تجمع ماده خشک، سرعت و طول دوره پر شدن دانه گندم در شرایط شوری خاک، آزمایش فاکتوریلی با طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در دانشکده علوم کشاورزی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی اجرا شد. فاکتورهای مورد بررسی شامل شوری خاک در سه سطح (عدم اعمال شوری، شوری40 و80 میلی‌مولار با نمک NaCl)، کاربرد مایکوریزا در دو سطح (عدم کاربرد و کاربرد میکوریزا) و محلول‌پاشی با نانو اکسید روی در سه سطح (عدم مصرف، مصرف 4/0 و 8/0 گرم در لیتر) بودند. مقایسه میانگین‌ها نشان داد بالاترین عملکرد (45/0 گرم در بوته)، سرعت پر شدن دانه (0022/0 گرم در روز)، طول دوره پر شدن (28 روز)، دوره موثر پر شدن دانه (55/28 روز) و حداکثر وزن دانه (0606/0 گرم) به ترکیب تیماری‌ کاربرد میکوریز، محلول‌پاشی 8/0 گرم در لیتر نانو اکسید روی و عدم اعمال شوری به‌دست آمد. اعمال شوری80 میلی‌مولار، عملکرد دانه را 21 درصد کاهش داد و محلول‌پاشی بالاترین سطح نانو اکسید روی و کاربرد مایکوریزا 66 درصد از این کاهش عملکرد را جبران کرد. از این رو می‌توان پیشنهاد نمود که به منظور افزایش عملکرد، طول دوره و دوره موثر پر شدن دانه و برخی دیگر از شاخص های رشدی مانند توده زنده کل در شرایط شوری، کاربرد میکوریز و محلول پاشی با نانواکسید روی به کار برده شود.}, keywords_fa = {کودهای زیستی,زیست‌توده کل,میکوریز,عناصر ریز مغذی,محلول‌پاشی}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_115966.html}, eprint = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_115966_f3a96727cf577fe4ef7dd09c4599a983.pdf} } @article { author = {Pirzad, Alireza and Mazlomi Mamyandi, Mahmoud and Jalilian, Jalal}, title = {Effect of varying end-season rainfall, supplemental irrigation and mycorrhizal symbiosis on the yield and quality (forage and grain) of rainfed lentil}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {50-74}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2018.109891.1139}, abstract = {Inroduction Water scarcity and low atmospheric precipitation are the major challenges faced by crop production in arid and semi-arid regions. Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik, Fabaceae family), under rainfed production conditions, is subjected to end-season drought stress. The occurrence of end-season water deficit stress in rainfed system can result in crop failure and yield loss. The quantitative and qualitative yield reductions are more pronounced and unpredictable under varying rainfall situation. Supplemental irrigation is the most effective and efficient way to prevent fluctuations in yield and the achievement of desired lentil production in arid and semi-dry lands. In order to compensate for water deficit-induced damage, the biological methods such as mycorrhizal symbiosis are used as one of the most useful interactions in agricultural ecosystems. The mycorrhizal fungi can improve profitability and nutritional status of host plant due to enhanced water and nutrient (especially P) uptake under irrigated and rainfed conditions (Habibzadeh et al., 2013). Materials and Methods The 2-year (2014-2015) factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at West Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center. Treatments were rainfall interruption (30 May, 13 June and 27 June), mycorrhizal symbiosis (non-mycorrhizal plants and inoculation with Glomus intraradices) and irrigation (rainfed and one supplemental irrigation). Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. cv Ziba) seeds were cultivated on March 16-2014 and April 5-2015 with a density of 125 plants per square meter. Supplemental irrigation was carried out on the basis of the rainfall interruption, on 8, 14 and 17 June of the first year, and on 6, 12 and 15 June of the second year (from the beginning up to 50% of podding). The amounts of irrigation water for each of two years were respectively, 400, 465 and 470 m3/ha in 30 May, 13 June and 27 June when rainfalls interrupted. Forage (ash, protein, calcium, potassium and phosphorus) and grain (protein, potassium and phosphorus) quality were respectively determined at podding and seed maturity stage. Results and Discussion The results of the two-year combined analysis showed significant interactions of year, rainfall interruption, mycorrhiza and supplemental irrigation on the lentil forage and grain yield (quantity and quality). Significant interaction effects were found among “year×rainfall interruption ×mycorrhiza×supplemental irrigation” on forage protein, “rainfall interruption ×mycorrhiza×supplemental irrigation” on forage calcium and year×mychorrhiza×supplemental irrigation on forage ash. Forage yield was significantly influenced by the year effect (Table 2). Forage quality (phosphorus, calcium and protein) and grain nutrients (phosphorus) of mycorrhizal irrigated lentil plants were improved in comparison with rainfed condition. With the late interruption of rainfall (27 June), lentil grain yield under treatment of G. intraradices significantly increased in both rainfed and supplemental irrigation conditions. However, the grain yield was consistently higher when lentil plants received supplemental irrigation as compared to no irrigation (rainfed) where the greatest grain yield (472.96 ha/kg) was obtained from the mycorrhizal lentil involving supplemental irrigation under the conditions that rainfall continued till 27 June, which was 28.72 % higher than the lowest yield, which was associated with the early interruption of rainfall (May 30) and the non-mycorrhizal treatment under rainfed condition. Supplemental irrigation is a managerial factor for yield improvement and stability, which ultimately minimizes the possibility of crop failure under water deficit conditions (Oweis et al., 2004). In both two rainfed and supplemental irrigation conditions, mycorrhizal lentil produced higher forage yield. It is reported that mycorrhiza has positive impact on phosphorus and nitrogen uptake by plant leaf, leading to increased yield in both water stress and non-stress conditions (AL-Karaki et al., 2004). Lentil gave more forage yield (1048.81 kg/ha) in the second year of the experiment than the first year (939.59 kg/ha). It seems that relatively higher qualitative and quantitative yields in both mycohrrizal and non-mychorrizal lentil in the second year was due to the trial being conducted in the first year which made it possible to effectively control all the cultivation operations and provide better care for the plant in the second year. The maximum yield and quality in both lentil forage and grain were obtained from irrigated mycorrhizal treatment, indicating a synergistic effect of mycorrhiza and irrigation on the productivity of the legume crop.}, keywords = {drought,Glomus,Lens culinaris,Phosphorus,protein}, title_fa = {تأثیر بارش‌های متغیر انتهای فصل، آبیاری تکمیلی و همزیستی میکوریزایی بر عملکرد و کیفیت (علوفه و دانه) عدس دیم}, abstract_fa = {پایان متغیر بارش‌های بهاره در مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک، عملکرد عدس را در کشت دیم تحت تأثیر قرار می‌دهد. روش‌هایی مانند تقویت روابط میکوریزایی و آبیاری تکمیلی می‌توانند بخشی از کاهش عملکرد ناشی از کمبود آب را جبران نمایند. این آزمایش دوساله به صورت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال‌های 1393و 1394 در مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی آذربایجان غربی بر روی عدس رقم زیبا انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل زمان پایان بارندگی (20 اردیبهشت، 3 خرداد و 17 خرداد)، همزیستی قارچ (شاهد و قارچ گونه Glomus intraradices) و آبیاری (دیم و یک نوبت آبیاری تکمیلی) بودند. کیفیت علوفه (فسفر، کلسیم و پروتئین) و دانه (فسفر) عدس میکوریزایی در شرایط آبیاری تکمیلی نسبت به کشت دیم بهبود یافت. در گیاهان غیرمیکوریزایی با ادامه بارش تا 17 خرداد عملکرد دانه در هر دو شرایط کشت دیم (10 درصد) و آبیاری تکمیلی (15 درصد) نسبت به پایان زودهنگام بارندگی (20 اردیبهشت) افزایش پیدا کرد. این افزایش عملکرد دانه برای گیاهان میکوریزایی دیم و آبیاری شده 7 درصد بود که نشاندهنده کاهش کمتر عملکرد در گیاهان میکوریزایی است. در هر دو سیستم کاشت، گیاهان میکوریزایی عملکرد علوفه بالاتری داشتند. در این ارتباط بیشترین مقدار تولید علوفه (98/1072 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در گیاهان میکوریزایی آبیاری شده، و بیشترین عملکرد دانه (96/472 کیلوگرم در هکتار) از گیاهان میکوریزایی آبیاری شده در شرایط ادامه بارندگی تا 17 خرداد به‌د‌ست آمدند. به طور کلی، آبیاری تکمیلی روند افزایشی عملکرد علوفه عدس را در هر سه شرایط قطع بارندگی نسبت به دیم بهبود بخشید.}, keywords_fa = {پروتئین,خشکی,عدس,فسفر,گلوموس}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_115967.html}, eprint = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_115967_534a885e5777cdd9d01e99b379393249.pdf} } @article { author = {Baghdadi, Amirsaleh and Kashani, Ali and Golzardi, Farid and Ilkaee, Mohammad nabi}, title = {Integrated Soil Fertility Management to Improve Forage Yield of Corn}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {75-90}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2018.109947.1141}, abstract = {Introduction One of the most limiting factors in livestock development and animal feed production in Iran is the production of poor-quality and low-yielding forages (Keshavarz Afshar et al., 2014). In most of the agricultural soils in the country, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, yield of forage crops, especially, corn is low due to limited soil organic matter and low soil nitrogen levels. The problem should be resolved by proper utilization of nitrogenous fertilizers. However, these fertilizers are often mismanaged (Jahanzad et al., 2015). In this regard, pre-sowing treatments can be employed to retain and add nitrogen and carbon to agricultural systems, and to control soil erosion. Grasses, legumes and brassicas are three major plant groups that can be used as green manure. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the pre-sowing treatments and nitrogen levels on various characteristics of silage corn. Materials and Methods This research was performed during the 2013-14 growing season at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University of Karaj, Iran. The experiment split plot based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. Main factors were four pre-sowing treatments including (Fallow as control, Perko PVH and Buko as green manure and livestock manure) and sub factors were three levels of nitrogen from urea (120 and 240 and 360 kg ha-1). Perko PVH and Buko belong to Brassicaceae family that if incorporated to the soil, they can increase soil organic matter content. Corn (SC 704) was planted by pneumatic machine at 12 plants m-2. At the end of the season, qualitative and quantitative characteristics, including fresh forage yield, dry forage yield, plant height, dry matter digestibility yield, dry matter intake, relative feed value and protein content were determined. Results and Discussion The results of variance analysis indicated that the effect of pre-sowing treatments and different nitrogen levels on fresh forage yield, dry forage yield, plant height, dry matter intake and dry matter digestibility was significant (P≤0.01) (Table 4). The highest digestible dry matter (15.43 ton ha-1) was observed in Perko PVH pre-sowing treatment and the lowest digestible dry matter (8.93 ton ha-1) was detected when the corn plant was treated by the livestock manure. Pre-sowing treatments of Perko PVH and Buko increased digestible dry matter by 46.39 and 26.09 % relative to the control treatment (fallow), respectively. Bahrani et al. (2007) reported that green manure had a significant positive effect on corn dry yield and this yield increase was attributable to a rise in total soil nitrogen content, which resulted from returning the above-ground organs of pre-sown plant to soil and rapid decomposition of its aerial parts. Among nitrogen rates, the maximum digestible dry matter (13.17 and 12.80 ton ha-1) were recorded with the application of 240 and 360 kg N ha-1, respectively. The interaction effect of pre-sowing treatments and nitrogen levels was significant on relative feed value and protein content (P≤0.05). The greatest protein content (2537.6 kg ha-1) was obtained under the pre-sowing treatment of Perko PVH along with nitrogen application rate of 240 kg ha-1. The least protein content (800.6 kg ha-1) was associated with livestock treatment and 120 kg N ha-1 rate. In addition, the results of the interaction effects indicated that pre-sowing treatments of Perko PVH and Buko and nitrogen rate of 120 kg ha-1 fell in the same statistical group with fallow control treatment and 360 kg N ha-1 rate, suggesting that as much as 240 kg ha-1 of nitrogen could be saved using the brassica green manure. Conclusion According to the results of this research, the combined use of organic fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer enhanced the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of silage corn. Hence, using the organic fertilizers led to a considerable reduction in the chemical fertilizer consumption, which can consequently decrease the detrimental environmental impacts of nitrogen fertilizers. Since the highest digestible dry matter was observed in Perko PVH pre-sowing treatment and nitrogen rate of 240 kg urea ha-1, this treatment is recommended and introduced as a superior treatment in this experiment.}, keywords = {Buko,Manure,nitrogen,Perko PVH,Protein yield}, title_fa = {مدیریت تلفیقی حاصلخیزی خاک برای بهبود عملکرد علوفه‌ی ذرت}, abstract_fa = {به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر مدیریت تلفیقی حاصلخیزی خاک بر عملکرد علوفه ذرت، آزمایشی مزرعه‌ای در کرج در سال زراعی 93-1392 اجرا شد. آزمایش به‌صورت کرت‌های خردشده بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار انجام شد. عامل اصلی در چهار سطح شامل آیش، کود دامی و کودهای سبزِ پرکو و بوکو (از خانواده براسیکاسه) و عامل فرعی میزان مصرف کود نیتروژن در سه سطح شامل 120، 240 و 360 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار بودند. نتایج نشان داد که تأثیر تیمارهای پیش‌کاشت و کود نیتروژن بر عملکرد علوفه تر، عملکرد علوفه خشک، ارتفاع بوته، ارزش غذایی نسبی، عملکرد پروتئین، عملکرد ماده خشک مصرفی و عملکرد ماده خشک قابل هضم در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنی‌دار بود. بیشترین و کمترین عملکرد ماده خشک قابل هضم (43/15 و 93/8 تن در هکتار) به ترتیب در پیش‌کاشت پرکو و کود دامی حاصل شد. برهمکنش تیمارهای پیش‌کاشت و میزان نیتروژن بر عملکرد پروتئین و ارزش غذایی نسبی معنی‌دار گردید، به‌نحوی‌که بیشترین عملکرد پروتئین (6/2537 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و ارزش غذایی نسبی (55/197 درصد) در پیش‌کاشت پرکو و مصرف 240 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار به دست آمد. از آنجا که با کاربرد پرکو به عنوان کود سبز و مصرف 240 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار، بیشترین عملکرد ماده خشک قابل هضم به دست آمد، تیمار مذکور به عنوان تیمار برتر در این آزمایش قابل توصیه می‌باشد. با توجه به نتایج این پژوهش کاربرد تلفیقی کودهای آلی با کود شیمیایی نیتروژن، ضمن کاهش قابل‌توجه در مصرف کود‌ شیمیایی نیتروژن می‌توان اثرات سوء زیست‌محیطی آن‌ها را کاهش داد.}, keywords_fa = {بوکو,پرکو,عملکرد پروتئین,کود دامی,نیتروژن}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_115968.html}, eprint = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_115968_a3253c2b0d36dc6cf59b606203319279.pdf} } @article { author = {kheyri, norollah}, title = {Effect of the rate and application time of vermicompost on the yield and yield components of rice (Oryza sativa L. 'cv. Tarom Hashemi')}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {91-110}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2018.114711.1169}, abstract = {Introduction Biofertilizers, which are considered to be one of the principal components of sustainable agriculture in farming ecosystems, can significantly aid in the elimination or reduction of chemical inputs from farmlands (Sharma, 2002). Vermicompost can be used as a soil additive on farmland to decrease chemical fertilizers consumption due to being able to provide plants with nutrients, increase soil cation exchange capacity, and improve soil water holding capacity (Tejada and Gonzaler, 2009). Since there is limited information available on the effect of vermicomposts on rice yield, this research was performed to investigate the effects of rate and split application time of vermicompost on yield and some agronomic traits of Tarom Hashemi rice cultivar. Materials and Methods The experiment was carried out as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Amol in 2014-2015. The treatments included rates of vermicompost application in four levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 ton.ha-1) as main plot and vermicompost split application time in five levels (T1: 100% basal fertilizer, T2: 50% basal + 50% tillering, T3: 50% basal + 50%, T4: 50% tillering + 50% heading and T5: 33.33% basal+ 33.33% tillering+33.33% heading) as sub plot. Pure nitrogen from urea source at the rate of 36 kg.ha-1 was uniformly split-applied throughout the experimental plots: 50% before prior to transplanting, 25% at the tillering and 25% at the heading. At the end of the season, some agronomic traits and grain yield were determined. Data analysis was done by using MSTAT-C software and means were compared using the LSD test at the probability level of 5%. Results and Discussion The results showed that the effect of different rates of vermicompost was significant on all the agronomic traits and grain yield. The effect of split application of vermicompost was significant on the measured traits except for the panicle length, 1000-grain weight and harvest index. Also, the interaction effect of the treatments was not found to be significant on the agronomic traits and grain yield. The greatest average grain yields (3790 and 3868 kg.ha-1) were obtained from vermicompost application rates of 10 and 15 ton.ha-1, respectively. Under the influence of vermicompost split application, the highest rice grain yield (3863 kg. ha-1) was achieved when vermicompost was split as 33.33% basal+33.33% tillering+33.33% heading and the lowest grain yield, decrease of 16% relative to T5 treatment, was associated with no split application of vermicompost (T1). It seems that if vermicomposting is applied in three splits, it can boost plant growth and consequently increase grain yield. This has been attributed to the role of vermicompost in improving soil structure and enhancing soil physical and biological properties, which, in turn, result in increased nutrient availability in the soil during different vegetative and reproductive stages of plant growth (Afsharmanesh et al., 2016). No application of vermicompost resulted in the lowest biological yield (5743 kg. ha-1). Increasing vermicompost rate to 10 and 15 ton.ha-1 raised rice biological yield by 26 and 27%, respectively. When vermicompost was split-applied, T5 treatment produced the highest biological yield (7630 kg. ha-1), which did not show any statistical difference with T4 treatment. T1 treatment gave the least biological yield, which was almost 14.3% lower than that of T5 treatment. Conclusion According to the results of our study, the application of 15 and 10 ton.ha-1 of vermicompost and application of vermicompst in three splits over the plant growth stages led to the increase of yield and yield components in rice. This indicates that using vermicompost as a complementary fertilizer along with chemical fertilizers, although might increase production cost for growers, it can to some extent reduce nitrogen fertilizers consumption, which will be an effective step in attaining sustainability in agriculture and preserving environment. Keywords: Application rate, Grain yield, Rice, Split, Vermicompost References Afsharmanesh, R., Rahimi, A., Torabi, B. and Akhgar, A. 2016. Effects of vermicompost and compost tea application on the growth criteria of corn (Zea mays). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 14(1): 185-199. (In Persian). Sharma, A.k. 2002. Biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture. Agrobios (India). 407p. Tejada, M., and Gonzaler, J.L. 2009. Application of two vermicompost on a rice crop: effects on soil biological properties and rice quality and yield. Agronomy Journal. 101(2): 336-344.}, keywords = {Application rate,Grain yield,rice,Split,Vermicompost}, title_fa = {اثر مقدار و زمان مصرف ورمی‌کمپوست بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد برنج (Oryza sativa L.) رقم طارم هاشمی}, abstract_fa = {به‌‌منظور بررسی اثر مقدار و تقسیط ورمی‌کمپوست بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد برنج رقم طارم هاشمی، آزمایشی به صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال زراعی 94-1393 در مزرعه‌ای‌ واقع در شهرستان آمل اجرا گردید. مقدار ورمی‌کمپوست در چهار سطح (0، 5، 10 و 15 تن در هکتار) به عنوان عامل اصلی و زمان تقسیط ورمی‌کمپوست در پنج سطح (T1: 100 درصد کود پایه، T2: 50 درصد کود پایه + 50 درصد مرحله پنجه‌زنی، T3: 50 درصد کود پایه + 50 درصد مرحله خوشه‌دهی، T4: 50 درصد پنجه‌زنی + 50 درصد خوشه‌دهی و T5: 33/33 درصد کود پایه + 33/33 درصد پنجه‌زنی + 33/33 درصد خوشه‌دهی) به عنوان عامل فرعی در نظر گرفته شدند. نتایج نشان داد که کاربرد مقادیر بیشتر ورمی‌کمپوست سبب بهبود صفات زراعی و عملکرد دانه گردید، به گونه‌ای که با مصرف 10 و 15 تن در هکتار ورمی‌کمپوست، عملکرد دانه به‌ترتیب حدود 22/4 و 24 درصد در مقایسه با شاهد افزایش یافت. حداکثر عملکرد دانه با میانگین 3863 کیلوگرم در هکتار با اعمال تقسیط T5 به‌دست آمد و با کاربرد تیمار T1، عملکرد دانه به میزان 16/4 درصد کاهش یافت. با توجه به نتایج این تحقیق می‌توان تیمار مصرف 10 تن در هکتار ورمی‌کمپوست را به جهت کاهش هزینه کود مصرفی نسبت به مصرف 15 تن در هکتار، به عنوان بهترین میزان کود ورمی‌کمپوست و همچنین تیمار تقسیط در سه مرحله پایه، پنجه‌زنی و خوشه‌دهی را به عنوان بهترین تیمار جهت بهبود عملکرد دانه برنج در نظر گرفت.}, keywords_fa = {برنج,تقسیط,عملکرد دانه,مقدار مصرف,ورمی‌کمپوست}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_115969.html}, eprint = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_115969_33c9914652ef8ee7ac50a320cf4645f2.pdf} }